Part III

Federal Register: August 24, 2006 (Volume 71, Number 164)Proposed RulesPage 50193-50221From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]

DOCID:fr24au06-21

[Page 50193]

Part III

Department of the Interior

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 10

General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds; Proposed Rule

[Page 50194]

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 10

RIN 1018-AB72

General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Proposed rule.

SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, propose to revise the List of Migratory Birds by adding numerous species and removing numerous species. Reasons for the proposed changes to the list include correcting previous mistakes including misspellings, adding species based on new evidence of occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories, removing species no longer known to occur within the United States, and changing names based on new taxonomy. The net increase of 140 species (152 added and 12 removed) brings to 972 the total number of species protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA). We regulate most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for regulatory purposes.

DATES: Submit comments on or before October 23, 2006.

ADDRESSES: Submit your comments on this proposal in one of the following ways:

  (1) By postal mail to Chief, Division of Migratory Bird Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 4401 North Fairfax Drive, Mail Stop 4107, Arlington, VA 22203.

  (2) By hand-delivery to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Bird Management, 4501 North Fairfax Drive, Room 4000, Arlington, VA 22203. You can also examine materials available for public inspection at this address;

  (3) By fax to (703) 358-2272; or

  (4) By e-mail to mbtabirdlist@fws.gov.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: John L. Trapp, (703) 358-1714.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

What Statutory Authority Does the Service Have for This Rulemaking?

We have statutory authority and responsibility for enforcing the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) (16 U.S.C. 703-711), the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C. 712), and the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a-j). The MBTA implements treaties between the United States and four neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows:

  (1) Canada: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, United States-Great Britain (on behalf of Canada), 39 Stat. 1702, T.S. No. 628;

  (2) Mexico: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, United States-United Mexican States (=Mexico), 50 Stat. 1311, T.S. No. 912;

  (3) Japan: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 4, 1972, United States-Japan, 25 U.S.T. 3329, T.I.A.S. No. 7990; and

  (4) Russia: Convention for the Conservation of Migratory Birds and Their Environment, United States-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (=Russia), November 26, 1976, 92 Stat. 3110, T.I.A.S. 9073.

What Is the Purpose of This Rulemaking?

Our purpose is to inform the public of the species protected by regulations implementing the MBTA. These regulations are found in Title 50, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Parts 10, 20, and 21. We regulate most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for regulatory purposes.

Why Is This Amendment to the List of Migratory Birds Necessary?

The proposed amendment is needed to: (1) Add 2 species covered by the Japanese and Russian treaties that were mistakenly omitted from previous lists; (2) add 26 species of accidental or casual occurrence documented prior to April 1985, but not included in prior lists; (3) add 60 species based on new distributional records documenting their occurrence in the United States since April 1985; (4) add 27 species that occur naturally in the United States only in the Pacific island territories of American Samoa, Baker and Howland Islands, Guam, or the Northern Mariana Islands; (5) add 37 species newly recognized as a result of taxonomic changes; (6) remove 11 species not known to occur within the boundaries of the United States; (7) remove 1 species that is now treated as a subspecies; (8) change the common (English) names of 47 species to conform with accepted usage; (9) change the scientific names of 64 species to conform with accepted usage; (10) change the common and scientific names of 7 species to conform with accepted usage; (11) change the scientific names of 4 species in the alphabetical list to conform with accepted usage and to correct inconsistencies between the alphabetical and taxonomic lists; (12) correct errors in the common (English) name of 2 species; (13) correct errors in the scientific names of 3 species in the taxonomic list; and (14) change the status of 1 taxon from protected subspecies to non- protected species (due to lack of natural occurrence in the United States or its territories). In accordance with the Migratory Bird Treaty Reform Act of 2004 (Pub. L. 108-447) (MBTRA), we also reaffirm our determination of March 15, 2005 (70 FR 12710), that the mute swan (Cygnus olor), which was never formally listed in 50 CFR 10.13 but was treated as protected by the MBTA since December 28, 2001, as the result of a court order (Hill v. Norton, 275 F.3d 98 (D.C. Cir. 2001)), is no longer afforded protection because it is nonnative and human- introduced. See Fund for Animals v. Norton, 374 F. Supp. 2d 91 (D.D.C. 2005) (denying injunction because of the clear language of the MBTRA), appeal pending.

The List of Migratory Birds (50 CFR 10.13) was last revised on April 5, 1985 (50 FR 13710). In a proposed rule published May 9, 1995 (60 FR 24686), we suggested updating the List of Migratory Birds by adding 20 species, removing 1 species, and revising the common (English) or scientific names of 23 previously listed species to conform to the most recent nomenclature. The proposed amendments were necessitated by five published supplements to the 6th (1983) edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's (AOU's) Check-list of North American birds. Knowing that additional amendments would be necessary following the anticipated publication of a 7th edition of the Check- list, we elected to delay publication of a final rule until after the appearance of the revised Check-list. The 1995 proposed rule generated just two public comments, from the American Ornithologists' Union and the Association of Scientific Collections. The comments of those organizations, mostly editorial in nature, are reflected in this document, as appropriate.

Following publication of the 7th edition of the Check-list in July 1998, administrative workloads and staff shortages prevented work on a final rule

[Page 50195]until September 2000. A followup proposed rule was deemed necessary because of the 5-year delay since publication of the initial proposed rule, and the many new changes necessitated by the 7th edition of the Check-list. In a second proposed rule published October 12, 2001 (66 FR 52282), we suggested adding 30 species, removing 1 species, and revising the common (English) or scientific names of 78 previously listed species to conform to accepted usage.

Of the 116 letters received on the proposed rule of October 12, 2001, 109 dealt solely with the presumed protective status of the mute swan (Cygnus olor) under the MBTA. Of the remaining seven letters, three provided comments of a general nature (including recommendations for adding or deleting certain species); two expressed general support without offering specific comments; one questioned the legality of extending MBTA protection to species that do not cross State or international boundaries; and one expressed concern about the harvest of MBTA-protected shorebirds in the Caribbean. These comments remain part of the public record and will be incorporated, as appropriate, into the final rule.

Because of the delay since publication of the 2001 proposed rule, plus the many new changes necessitated by six published supplements (AOU 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006) to the 7th edition of the Check-list, we are issuing another proposed rule. This will enhance efficiency by allowing the public to review and comment on all of the desired changes that have come to light since publication of the 1995 and 2001 proposed rules.

What Scientific Authorities Are Used To Amend the List of Migratory Birds?

Although bird names (common and scientific) are relatively stable, staying current with standardized usage is necessary to avoid confusion in communications. We here follow the 7th edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's Check-list of North American birds (AOU 1998), as amended (AOU 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006), on matters of taxonomy, nomenclature, and the sequence of species and other higher taxonomic categories (orders, families, subfamilies). For the few species that occur outside the geographic area covered by the Check-list, we follow Monroe and Sibley (1993).

What Criteria Are Used To Identify Individual Species Protected by the MBTA?

A species qualifies for protection under the MBTA by meeting one or more of the following four criteria:

  (1) It (a) Belongs to a family or group of species named in the Canadian convention of 1916, as amended in 1996; (b) specimens, photographs, videotape recordings, or audiotape recordings provide convincing evidence of natural occurrence in the United States or its territories; and (c) the documentation of such records has been recognized by the AOU or other competent scientific authorities.

  (2) It (a) Belongs to a family of group of species named in the Mexican convention of 1936, as amended in 1972; (b) specimens, photographs, videotape recordings, or audiotape recordings provide convincing evidence of natural occurrence in the United States or its territories; and (c) the documentation of such records has been recognized by the AOU or other competent scientific authorities.

  (3) It is a species listed in the annex to the Japanese convention of 1972, as amended.

  (4) It is a species listed in the appendix to the Russian convention of 1976.

In accordance with the MBTRA, we have not listed species whose occurrences in the United States are strictly the result of intentional human introduction(s).

How Do the Scientific Names Proposed Here Compare to Those That Appear in the Japanese and Russian Treaties?

The Japanese and Russian treaties list individual species of birds that are covered. For 37 of these species, the scientific (genus or species) name currently recognized by scientific authorities (AOU 1998, 1999; Monroe and Sibley 1993) differs from that which appears in the treaties. The following cross-reference provides a linkage between the scientific names used in this list and those that appear in the annex to the Japanese treaty and the appendix to the Russian treaty. The first name is the modern equivalent proposed here, and the second name is that which appears in one or both of the treaties. These changes modernize the regulatory list without revising either the Japanese or the Russian treaty (indicated by J and R, respectively):

Accipiter gularis (Japanese Sparrowhawk) is listed as Accipiter virgatus (J & R); Actitis hypoleucos (Common Sandpiper) is listed as Tringa hypoleucos (J & R); Aethia psittacula (Parakeet Auklet) is listed as Cyclorrhynchus psittacula (R); Anas americana (American Wigeon) is listed as Mareca americana (J); Anas clypeata (Northern Shoveler) is listed as Spatula clypeata (J); Anas penelope (Eurasian Wigeon) is listed as Mareca penelope (J); Anous minutus (Black Noddy) is listed as Anous tenuirostris (J); Anthus rubescens (American Pipit) is listed as Anthus spinoletta (J & R); Branta bernicla (Brant) incorporates Branta nigricans (R); Calidris alba (Sanderling) is listed as Crocethia alba (J); Calidris subminuta (Long-toed Stint) is listed as part of Calidris minutilla (J); Carduelis flammea (Common Redpoll) is listed as Acanthis flammea (J); Carduelis hornemanni (Hoary Redpoll) is included as part of Carduelis flammea (J), and is listed as Acanthis hornemanni (R); Charadrius morinellus (Eurasian Dotterel) is listed as Eudromias morinellus (J & R); Chen caerulescens (Snow Goose) is listed as Anser caerulescens (J); Chen canagica (Emperor Goose) is listed as Anser canagicus (J), and Philacte canagica (R); Cygnus columbianus (Tundra Swan) incorporates Cygnus bewickii (R); Egretta sacra (Pacific Reef-Egret) is listed as Demigretta sacra (J); Ficedula narcissina (Narcissus Flycatcher) is listed as Muscicapa narcissina (J); Fratercula cirrhata (Tufted Puffin) is listed as Lunda cirrhata (J & R); Gallinago gallinago (Common Snipe) is listed as Capella gallinago (R); Gallinago megala (Swinhoe's Snipe) is listed as Capella megala (R); Gallinago stenura (Pin-tailed Snipe) is listed as Capella stenura (R); Heteroscelus brevipes (Gray-tailed Tattler) is included as part of Tringa incana (J); Heteroscelus incanus (Wandering Tattler) is listed as Tringa incana (J); Luscinia calliope (Siberian Rubythroat) is listed as Erithacus calliope (J); Melanitta fusca (White-winged Scoter) incorporates Melanitta deglandi (J); Mergellus albellus (Smew) is listed as Mergus albellus (J & R); Milvus migrans (Black Kite) is listed as Milvus korschun (R); Numenius borealis (Eskimo Curlew) is included as part of Numenius minutus (J); Phalaropus lobatus (Red-necked Phalarope) is listed as Lobipes lobatus (R); Phoebastria albatrus (Short-tailed Albatross) is listed as Diomedea albatrus (J & R);

[Page 50196]Phoebastria immutabilis (Laysan Albatross) is listed as Diomedea immutabilis (J & R); Phoebastria nigripes (Black-footed Albatross) is listed as Diomedea nigripes (J & R); Pterodroma hypoleuca (Bonin Petrel) is listed as Pterodroma leucoptera (R); Tachycineta bicolor (Tree Swallow) is listed as Iridoprocne bicolor (R); and Turdus obscurus (Eyebrowed Thrush) is listed as Turdus pallidus (R).

How Do the Proposed Changes Affect the List of Migratory Birds?

The proposed amendments (152 additions, 12 removals, 118 name changes, and 9 corrections) will affect a grand total of 290 species and result in a net addition of 140 species to the List of Migratory Birds, increasing the species total from 832 to 972. Of the 140 species that we propose adding to the list, 37 were previously covered under the MBTA as subspecies of listed species. These amendments can be logically arranged in the following 14 categories:

  (1) Add two species that are included in the Appendix of the Russian treaty and in the Annex to the Japanese treaty, respectively; the omission of these species in previous lists was an oversight. These species also qualify for protection under the Canadian and Mexican treaties as members of the families Anatidae and Laridae, respectively:

Duck, Spot-billed, Anas poecilorhyncha; and Gull, Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris.

  (2) Add 26 species based on review and acceptance by AOU (prior to April 1985) of distributional records documenting their occurrence in the United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Virgin Islands. These species belong to families covered by the Canadian and Mexican treaties. They were excluded from the 1985 list because their occurrence was viewed as accidental or casual, a criterion no longer viewed as consistent with the MBTA or its underlying treaties. A species of accidental or casual occurrence is one whose normal range is far enough removed from the United States as to make regular occurrence unlikely or improbable (AOU 1983). For each species, we list the State(s) in which it has been recorded plus the relevant AOU publication(s):

Albatross, Shy, Thalassarche cauta--Washington (AOU 1982, 1983, 1997, 1998); Albatross, Wandering, Diomedea exulans--California (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Bunting, Blue, Cyanocompsa parellina--Louisiana, Texas (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Bunting, Gray, Emberiza variabilis--Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Bunting, Little, Emberiza pusilla--Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Chaffinch, Common, Fringilla coelebs--Maine to Massachusetts (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Crake, Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops--Louisiana, Texas (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Curlew, Eurasian, Numenius arquata--Massachusetts, New York (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Flycatcher, La Sagra's, Myiarchus sagrae--Alabama, Florida (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Flycatcher, Variegated, Empidonomus varius--Maine, Tennessee (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Gull, Belcher's, Larus belcheri--Florida (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998, 2003); Hawk, Roadside, Buteo magnirostis--Texas (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Hummingbird, Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa--Arizona (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Martin, Southern, Progne elegans--Florida (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Mockingbird, Bahama, Mimus gundlachii--Florida (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Petrel, Black-winged, Pterodroma nigripennis--Hawaii (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Petrel, Jouanin's, Bulweria fallax--Hawaii (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Pewee, Hispaniolan, Contopus hispaniolensis--Puerto Rico (AOU 1983, 1995, 1998); Pipit, Tree, Anthus trivialis--Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1995); Rail, Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus--Pennsylvania, Texas (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Scops-Owl, Oriental, Otus sunia--Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Shearwater, Streaked, Calonectris leucomelas--California (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Shrike, Brown, Lanius cristatus--Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Swift, Short-tailed, Chaetura brachyura--U.S. Virgin Islands (AOU 1983, 1998); Vireo, Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris--Florida (AOU 1983, 1998); and Warbler, Fan-tailed, Euthlypis lachrymosa--Arizona (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998).

  (3) Add 60 species based on review and acceptance by AOU (since April 1985) of new distributional records documenting their occurrence in the United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Virgin Islands. These species belong to families covered by the Canadian and Mexican treaties and most are considered to be of accidental or casual occurrence. For each species, we list the State(s) in which it has been recorded plus the relevant AOU publication(s):

Albatross, Black-browed, Thalassarche melanophris--Virginia (AOU 2002); Albatross, Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata--California (AOU 1997, 1998); Bluetail, Red-flanked, Tarsiger cyanurus--Alaska (AOU 1995, 1998); Bunting, Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos--Alaska (AOU 1995, 1998); Bunting, Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola--Alaska (AOU 1989, 1998); Bunting, Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans--Alaska (AOU 2000); Carib, Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis--U.S. Virgin Islands (AOU 1998); Catbird, Black, Melanoptila glabrirostris--Texas (AOU 1998); Duck, Muscovy, Cairina moschata--Texas (AOU 1998); Egret, Little, Egretta garzetta--Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Puerto Rico, Virginia (AOU 1998); Elaenia, Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata--Texas (AOU 1989, 1998); Flycatcher, Piratic, Legatus leucophalus--Florida, New Mexico, Texas (AOU 2002); Flycatcher, Social, Myiozetetes similis--Texas (AOU 2006); Flycatcher, Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus--Texas (AOU 1998); Forest-Falcon, Collared, Micrastur semitorquatus--Texas (AOU 1998); Frog-Hawk, Gray, Accipiter soloensis--Hawaii (AOU 1997, 1998); Gallinule, Azure, Porphyrio flavirostris--New York (AOU 1991, 1998, 2002); Goose, Lesser White-fronted, Anser erythropus--Alaska (AOU 1995, 1998); Gull, Gray-hooded, Larus cirrocephalus--Florida (AOU 2002); Gull, Kelp, Larus dominicanus--Louisiana, Maryland (AOU 2002); Gull, Yellow-legged, Larus cachinnans--Maryland (AOU 1993, 1998); Hawk, Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens--Texas (AOU 1998); Hobby, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo--Alaska (AOU 1985, 1995, 1998); Hummingbird, Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila--Arizona, New Mexico (AOU 1998); Hummingbird, Xantus's, Hylocharis xantusii--California (AOU 1998); Mango, Green-breasted, Anthracothorax prevostii--Texas (AOU 1998); Martin, Brown-chested, Progne tapera--Massachusetts (AOU 1985, 1995, 1998);

[Page 50197]Mockingbird, Blue, Melanotis caerulescens--Arizona, Texas (AOU 1998); Murrelet, Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix--10 States (AOU 1997, 1998); Nightingale-Thrush, Black-headed, Catharus mexicanus--Texas (AOU 2006); Nightingale-Thrush, Orange-billed, Catharus aurantiirostris--Texas (AOU 2002); Owl, Mottled, Ciccaba virgata--Texas (AOU 1989, 1998); Owl, Stygian, Asio stygius--Texas (AOU 2002); Petrel, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow--North Carolina (AOU 1998); Petrel, Great-winged, Pterodroma macroptera--California (AOU 2004); Petrel, Stejneger's, Pterodroma longirostris--California, Hawaii (AOU 1989, 1998); Pewee, Cuban, Contopus caribeaus--Florida (AOU 2004); Plover, Collared, Charadrius collaris--Texas (AOU 1998); Pond-Heron, Chinese, Ardeola bacchus--Alaska (AOU 2000); Reef-Heron, Western, Egretta gularis--Massachusetts (AOU 1985, 1998); Robin, Siberian Blue, Luscinia cyane--Alaska (AOU 1987, 1998); Robin, White-throated, Turdus assimilis--Texas (AOU 1998); Sandpiper, Green, Tringa ochropus--Alaska (AOU 1985, 1998); Shearwater, Cape Verde, Calonectris edwardsii--North Carolina (AOU 2006); Silky-flycatcher, Gray, Ptilogonys cinereus--Texas (AOU 1998); Siskin, Eurasian, Carduelis spinus--Alaska (AOU 1995, 1998); Stilt, Black-winged, Himantopus himantopus--Alaska (AOU 1985, 1998); Stonechat, Saxicola torquatus--Alaska (AOU 1987, 1998, 2004); Storm-Petrel, Black-bellied Fregetta tropica--North Carolina (AOU 2006); Swallow, Mangrove, Tachycineta albilinea--Florida (AOU 2005); Swift, Alpine, Apus melba--Puerto Rico (AOU 1998); Tanager, Flame-colored, Piranga bidentata--Arizona, Texas (AOU 1987, 1998); Tern, Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii--Hawaii (AOU 1991, 1998, 2006); Tern, Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida--Delaware, New Jersey (AOU 1997, 1998, 2003); Tityra, Masked, Tityra semifasciata--Texas (AOU 1998); Turtle-Dove, Oriental, Streptopelia orientalis--Alaska (AOU 1991, 1998); Vireo, Yucatan, Vireo magister--Texas (AOU 1987, 1998); Wagtail, Citrine, Motacilla citreola--Alabama (AOU 1995, 1998); Warbler, Crescent-chested, Parula superciliosa--Arizona (AOU 1987, 1998); and Woodpecker, Great Spotted, Dendrocopos major--Alaska (AOU 1987, 1998).

  (4) Add 27 species that belong to families covered by the Canadian and Mexican treaties, but occur naturally in the United States only in the Pacific island territories of American Samoa, Baker and Howland Islands, Guam, or the Northern Mariana Islands (Pratt et al. 1987). We also list the territory or territories in which each species is known to occur:

Bittern, Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis (Guam); Cormorant, Little Pied, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos (Northern Marianas); Crake, Spotless, Porzana tabuensis (American Samoa); Crow, Mariana, Corvus kubaryi (Guam, Northern Marianas); Duck, Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa (American Samoa); Fruit-Dove, Crimson-crowned, Ptilinopus porphyraceus (American Samoa); Fruit-Dove, Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii (American Samoa); Fruit-Dove, Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla (Guam, Northern Marianas); Greenshank, Nordmann's, Tringa guttifer (Guam); Ground-Dove, Friendly, Gallicolumba stairi (American Samoa); Ground-Dove, White-throated, Gallicolumba xanthonura (American Samoa); Heron, Gray, Ardea cinerea (Northern Marianas); Imperial-Pigeon, Pacific, Ducula pacifica (American Samoa); Kingfisher, Collared, Todirhamphus chloris (American Samoa, Northern Marianas); Kingfisher, Micronesian, Todirhamphus cinnamominus (Guam); Oystercatcher, Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus (Guam); Petrel, Gould's, Pterodroma leucoptera (American Samoa); Petrel, Phoenix, Pterodroma alba (Baker and Howland Islands); Petrel, Tahiti, Pterodroma rostrata (American Samoa); Rail, Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis (American Samoa); Rail, Guam, Gallirallus owstoni (Guam); Storm-Petrel, Matsudaira's, Oceanodroma matsudairae (Guam, Northern Marianas); Storm-Petrel, Polynesian, Nesofregata fuliginosa (American Samoa); Storm-Petrel, White-bellied, Fregetta grallaria (American Samoa); Swamphen, Purple, Porphyrio porphyrio (American Samoa); Swiftlet, Mariana, Aerodramus bartschi (Guam, Northern Marianas); and Swiftlet, White-rumped, Aerodramus spodiopygius (American Samoa).

  (5) Add 37 species because of recent taxonomic changes in which taxa formerly treated as subspecies have been determined to be distinct species. Given that each of these species was formerly treated as subspecies of a listed species, these additions will not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the AOU publication(s) supporting the change:

Coot, Hawaiian, Fulica alai (formerly treated as subspecies of Fulica americana, American Coot) [AOU 1993, 1998]; Flicker, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides (formerly treated as subspecies of Colaptes auratus, Northern Flicker) [AOU 1995, 1998]; Flycatcher, Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis (formerly treated as subspecies of Empidonax difficilis, Western [=Pacific-slope] Flycatcher) [AOU 1989, 1998]; Gnatcatcher, California, Polioptila californica (formerly treated as subspecies of Polioptila melanura, Black-tailed Gnatcatcher) [AOU 1989, 1998]; Golden-Plover, Pacific, Pluvialis fulva (formerly treated as subspecies of Pluvialis dominica, Lesser [=American] Golden-Plover) [AOU 1993, 1998]; Goose, Cackling, Branta hutchinsii (formerly treated as subspecies of Branta canadensis, Canada Goose) [AOU 2004]; Grebe, Clark's, Aechmophorus clarkii (formerly treated as subspecies of Aechmophorus occidentalis, Western Grebe) [AOU 1985, 1998]; Heron, Green, Butorides virescens (formerly treated as subspecies of Butorides striatus, Green-backed [=Striated] Heron) [AOU 1993, 1998]; Kamao, Myadestes myadestinus (formerly treated as subspecies of Phaeornis obscurus, Hawaiian Thrush [=Omao]) [AOU 1985, 1998]; Kite, White-tailed, Elanus leucurus (formerly treated as subspecies of Elanus caeruleus, Black-shouldered Kite) (AOU 1983, 1993, 1998); Loon, Pacific, Gavia pacifica (formerly treated as subspecies of Gavia arctica, Arctic Loon) [AOU 1985, 1998]; Magpie, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia (formerly treated as subspecies of Pica pica, Black-billed [=Eurasian] Magpie) [AOU 2000];

[Page 50198]Olomao, Myadestes lanaiensis (formerly treated as subspecies of Phaeornis obscurus, Hawaiian Thrush [=Omao]) [AOU 1985, 1998]; Oriole, Bullock's, Icterus bullockii (formerly treated as subspecies of Icterus galbula, Northern [=Baltimore] Oriole) [AOU 1995, 1998]; Petrel, Hawaiian, Pterodroma sandwichensis (formerly treated as subspecies of Pterodroma phaeopygia, Dark-rumped [=Galapagos] Petrel)

[AOU 2002] ; Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis (formerly treated as subspecies of Pterodroma externa, White-necked [=Juan Fernandez] Petrel) [AOU 1991, 1998]; Pipit, American, Anthus rubescens (formerly treated as subspecies of Anthus spinoletta, Water Pipit (AOU 1989, 1998); Rosy-Finch, Black, Leucosticte atrata (formerly treated as subspecies of Leucosticte arctoa, Rosy Finch) [AOU 1993, 1998]; Rosy-Finch, Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis (formerly treated as subspecies of Leucosticte arctoa, Rosy Finch) [AOU 1993, 1998]; Rosy-Finch, Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis (formerly treated as subspecies of Leucosticte arctoa, Rosy Finch) [AOU 1993, 1998]; Sapsucker, Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis (formerly treated as subspecies of Sphyrapicus varius, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker) [AOU 1985, 1998]; Scrub-Jay, Island, Aphelocoma insularis (formerly treated as subspecies of Aphelocoma coerulescens, Scrub [=Florida] Jay [=Scrub-Jay]) [AOU 1995, 1998]; Scrub-Jay, Western, Aphelocoma californica (formerly treated as subspecies of Aphelocoma coerulescens, Scrub [=Florida] Jay [=Scrub- Jay]) [AOU 1995, 1998]; Snipe, Wilson's, Gallinago delicata (formerly treated as subspecies of Gallinago gallinago, Common Snipe) [AOU 2002]; Sparrow, Nelson's Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus nelsoni (formerly treated as subspecies of Ammodramus caudacutus, Sharp-tailed [=Saltmarsh Sharp- tailed] Sparrow) [AOU 1995, 1998]; Spindalis, Puerto Rican, Spindalis portoricensis (formerly treated as subspecies of Spindalis zena, Stripe-headed [=Western] Tanager

[=Spindalis] ) [AOU 2000]; Thrush, Bicknell's, Catharus bicknelli (formerly treated as subspecies of Catharus minimus, Gray-cheeked Thrush) [AOU 1995, 1998]; Titmouse, Black-crested, Baeolophus atricristatus (formerly treated as subspecies of Parus [=Baeolophus] bicolor, Tufted Titmouse) [AOU 2002]; Titmouse, Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi (formerly treated as subspecies of Parus Baeolophus] inornatus, Plain [=Oak] Titmouse) [AOU 1997, 1998]; Towhee, California, Pipilo crissalis (formerly treated as subspecies of Pipilo fuscus, Brown Towhee) [AOU 1989, 1998]; Towhee, Spotted, Pipilo maculatus (formerly treated as subspecies of Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Rufous-sided [=Eastern] Towhee) [AOU 1995, 1998]; Vireo, Cassin's, Vireo cassinii (formerly treated as subspecies of Vireo solitarius, Solitary [=Blue-headed] Vireo) [AOU 1997, 1998]; Vireo, Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus (formerly treated as subspecies of Vireo solitarius, Solitary [=Blue-headed] Vireo) [AOU 1997, 1998]; Vireo, Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis (formerly treated as subspecies of Vireo olivaceus, Red-eyed Vireo) [AOU 1987, 1998]; Wagtail, Eastern Yellow, Motacilla tschutschensis (formerly treated as subspecies of Motacilla flava, Yellow Wagtail) [AOU 2004]; Woodpecker, American Three-toed, Picoides dorsalis (formerly treated as subspecies of Picoides tridactylus, Three-toed [=Eurasian Three-toed] Woodpecker) [AOU 2003]; and Woodpecker, Arizona, Picoides arizonae (formerly treated as subspecies of Picoides stricklandi, Strickland's Woodpecker) [AOU 2000].

  (6) Remove 11 species based on revised taxonomic treatments and new distributional evidence confirming that their known geographic ranges lie entirely outside the political boundaries of the United States and its territories. In each case, we reference the AOU publication(s) supporting these changes:

Finch, Rosy, Leucosticte arctoa (AOU 1993, 1998); Heron, Green-backed (=Striated), Butorides striatus (AOU 1993, 1998); Kingbird, Loggerhead, Tyrannus caudifasciatus (AOU 2002); Kite, Black-shouldered, Elanus caeruleus (AOU 1983, 1993, 1998); Magpie, Black-billed (=Eurasian), Pica pica (AOU 2000); Noddy, Lesser, Anous tenuirostris (AOU 1998; treated as conspecific with Black Noddy, Anous minutus); Petrel, Dark-rumped (=Galapagos), Pterodroma phaeopygia (AOU 2002); Pipit, Water, Anthus spinoletta (AOU 1983, 1989, 1998); Wagtail, Yellow, Motacilla flava (AOU 2004); Woodpecker, Strickland's, Picoides stricklandi (AOU 2000); and Woodpecker, Three-toed (=Eurasian Three-toed), Picoides tridactylis (AOU 2003).

  (7) Remove one former species that is now treated as a subspecies:

Wagtail, Black-backed, Motacilla lugens (lugens will remain protected as a subspecies of Motacilla alba, White Wagtail) [AOU 2005].

  (8) Revise the common (English) names of 47 species to conform to the most recent nomenclatural treatment. These revisions will not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the published source(s) for the name change:

Barn-Owl, Common, Tyto alba, will be changed to Owl, Barn (AOU 1989, 1998); Bittern, Chinese, Ixobrychus sinensis, will be changed to Bittern, Yellow (AOU 1991, 1998); Crow, Mexican, Corvus imparatus, will be changed to Crow, Tamaulipas (AOU 1997, 1998); Curlew, Least, Numenius minutus, will be changed to Curlew, Little (AOU 1987, 1998); Flycatcher, Gray-spotted, Muscicapa griseisticta, will be changed to Flycatcher, Gray-streaked (AOU 2004); Flycatcher, Western, Empidonax difficilis, will be changed to Flycatcher, Pacific-slope (AOU 1989, 1998); Golden-Plover, Lesser, Pluvialis dominica, will be changed to Golden- Plover, American (AOU 1993, 1998); Goose, Ross', Chen rossii, will be changed to Goose, Ross's (AOU 1998); Gull, Common Black-headed, Larus ridibundus, will be changed to Gull, Black-headed (AOU 1995, 1998); Gull, Ross', Rhodostethia rosea, will be changed to Gull, Ross's (AOU 1998); Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow, Accipiter gularis, will be changed to Sparrowhawk, Japanese (Monroe and Sibley 1993); Hawk, Harris', Parabuteo unicinctus, will be changed to Hawk, Harris's (AOU 1998); Hawk-Owl, Northern, Surnia ulula, will be changed to Owl, Northern Hawk (AOU 1989, 1998); Heron, Pacific Reef, Egretta sacra, will be changed to Reef-Egret, Pacific (Monroe and Sibley 1993); Hoopoe, Upupa epops, will be changed to Hoopoe, Eurasian (AOU 1998);

[Page 50199]Jay, Gray-breasted, Aphelocoma ultramarina, will be changed to Jay, Mexican (AOU 1995, 1998); Jay, Scrub, Aphelocoma coerulescens, will be changed to Scrub-Jay, Florida (AOU 1995, 1998); Kite, American Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus, will be changed to Kite, Swallow-tailed (AOU 1995, 1998); Murrelet, Xantus', Synthliboramphus hypoleucus, will be changed to Murrelet, Xantus's (AOU 1998); Nightjar, Jungle, Caprimulgus indicus, will be changed to Nightjar, Gray (AOU 2004); Oldsquaw, Clangula hyemalis, will be changed to Duck, Long-tailed (AOU 2000); Oriole, Black-cowled, Icterus dominicensis, will be changed to Oriole, Greater Antillean (AOU 2000); Oriole, Northern, Icterus galbula, will be changed to Oriole, Baltimore (AOU 1995, 1998); Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma externa, will be changed to Petrel, Juan Fernandez (AOU 1991, 1998); Plover, Great Sand, Charadrius leschenaultii, will be changed to Sand- Plover, Greater (AOU 2004); Plover, Mongolian, Charadrius mongolus, will be changed to Sand-Plover, Lesser (AOU 2004); Reed-Bunting, Common, Emberiza schoeniclus, will be changed to Bunting, Reed (AOU 1995, 1998); Reed-Bunting, Pallas', Emberiza pallasi, will be changed to Bunting, Pallas's (AOU 1995, 1998); Sandpiper, Spoonbill, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus, will be changed to Sandpiper, Spoon-billed (AOU 2004); Skylark, Eurasian, Alauda arvensis, will be changed to Lark, Sky (AOU 1995, 1998); Sparrow, Harris', Zonotrichia querela, will be changed to Sparrow, Harris's (AOU 1998); Sparrow, Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus caudacutus, will be changed to Sparrow, Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed (AOU 1995, 1998); Starling, Ashy, Sturnus cineraceus, will be changed to Starling, White- cheeked (Monroe and Sibley 1993); Starling, Violet-backed, Sturnus philippensis, will be changed to Starling, Chestnut-cheeked (Monroe and Sibley 1993); Stint, Rufous-necked, Calidris ruficollis, will be changed to Stint, Red-necked (AOU 1995); Storm-Petrel, Sooty, Oceanodroma tristrami, will be changed to Storm- Petrel, Tristram's (AOU 1989, 1998); Swift, Antillean Palm, Tachornis phoenicobia, will be changed to Palm- Swift, Antillean (AOU 1983, 1998); Tanager, Stripe-headed, Spindalis zena, will be changed to Spindalis, Western (AOU 2000); Teal, Falcated, Anas falcata, will be changed to Duck, Falcated (AOU 1997, 1998); Thrush, Eye-browed, Turdus obscurus, will be changed to Thrush, Eyebrowed (AOU 1989, 1998); Towhee, Brown, Pipilo fuscus, will be changed to Towhee, Canyon (AOU 1989, 1998); Towhee, Rufous-sided, Pipilo erythrophthalmus, will be changed to Towhee, Eastern (AOU 1995, 1998); Tree-Pipit, Olive, Anthus hodgsoni, will be changed to Pipit, Olive- backed (AOU 1995, 1998); Trogon, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus, will be changed to Quetzel, Eared (AOU 2002); Vireo, Solitary, Vireo solitarius, will be changed to Vireo, Blue- headed (AOU 1997, 1998); Warbler, Elfin Woods, Dendroica angelae, will be changed to Warbler, Elfin-woods (AOU 1998); and Woodpecker, Lewis', Melanerpes lewis, will be changed to Woodpecker, Lewis's (AOU 1998).

  (9) Revise the scientific names of 64 species to conform to the most recent nomenclature treatment. These revisions will not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the AOU publication(s) documenting the name change:

Actitis macularia (Spotted Sandpiper) will be changed to Actitis macularius (AOU 2004); Ajaia ajaja (Roseate Spoonbill) will be changed to Platalea ajaja (AOU 2002); Amphispiza quinquestriata (Five-striped Sparrow) will be changed to Aimophila quinquestriata (AOU 1997, 1998); Casmerodius albus (Great Egret) will be changed to Ardea alba (AOU 1995, 1998); Catharacta maccormicki (South Polar Skua) will be changed to Stercorarius maccormicki (AOU 2000); Catharacta skua (Great Skua) will be changed to Stercorarius skua (AOU 2000); Catoptrophorus semipalmatus (Willet) will be changed to Tringa semipalmata (AOU 2006); Ceryle torquata (Ringed Kingfisher) will be changed to Ceryle torquatus (AOU 2004); Columba fasciata (Band-tailed Pigeon) will be changed to Patagioenas fasciata (AOU 2003); Columba flavirostris (Red-billed Pigeon) will be changed to Patagioenas flavirostris (AOU 2003); Columba inornata (Plain Pigeon) will be changed to Patagioenas inornata (AOU 2003); Columba leucocephala (White-crowned Pigeon) will be changed to Patagioenas leucocephala (AOU 2003); Columba squamosa (Scaly-naped Pigeon) will be changed to Patagioenas squamosa (AOU 2003); Contopus borealis (Olive-sided Flycatcher) will be changed to Contopus cooperi (AOU 1997, 1998); Cuculus saturatus (Oriental Cuckoo) will be changed to Cuculus optatus (AOU 2006); Cyclorrhynchus psittacula (Parakeet Auklet) will be changed to Aethia psittacula (AOU 1997, 1998); Delichon urbica (Common House-Martin) will be changed to Delichon urbicum (AOU 2004); Diomedea albatrus (Short-tailed Albatross) will be changed to Phoebastria albatrus (AOU 1997, 1998); Diomedea chlororhynchos (Yellow-nosed Albatross) will be changed to Thalassarche chlororhynchos (AOU 1997, 1998); Diomedea immutabilis (Laysan Albatross) will be changed to Phoebastria immutabilis (AOU 1997, 1998); Diomedea nigripes (Black-footed Albatross) will be changed to Phoebastria nigripes (AOU 1997, 1998); Guiraca caerulea (Blue Grosbeak) will be changed to Passerina caerulea (AOU 2002); Heteroscelus brevipes (Gray-tailed Tattler) will be changed to Tringa brevipes (AOU 2006); Heteroscelus incanus (Wandering Tattler) will be changed to Tringa incana (AOU 2006); Helmitheros vermivora (Worm-eating Warbler) will be changed to Helmitheros vermivorus (AOU 2004); Hirundo fulva (Cave Swallow) will be changed to Petrochelidon fulva (AOU 1997, 1998); Hirundo pyrrhonota (Cliff Swallow) will be changed to Petrochelidon pyrrhonota (AOU 1997, 1998); Muscicapa narcissina (Narcissus Flycatcher) will be changed to Ficedula narcissina (AOU 1991, 1998); Nesochen sandvicensis (Hawaiian Goose) will be changed to Branta sandvicensis (AOU 1993, 1998); Nyctea scandiaca (Snowy Owl) will be changed to Bubo scandiaca (AOU 2003); Nycticorax goisagi (Japanese Night-Heron) will be changed to Gorsachius goisagi (Monroe and Sibley 1993);

[Page 50200]Nycticorax violaceus (Yellow-crowned Night-Heron) will be changed to Nyctanassa violacea (AOU 1998); Otus asio (Eastern Screech-Owl) will be changed to Megascops asio (AOU 2003); Otus kennicottii (Western Screech-Owl) will be changed to Megascops kennicottii (AOU 2003); Otus nudipes (Puerto Rican Screech-Owl) will be changed to Megascops nudipes (AOU 2003); Otus trichopsis (Whiskered Screech-Owl) will be changed to Megascops trichopsis (AOU 2003); Oxyura dominica (Masked Duck) will be changed to Nomonyx dominicus (AOU 1997, 1998); Parus atricapillus (Black-capped Chickadee) will be changed to Poecile atricapillus (AOU 1997, 1998, 2003); Parus bicolor (Tufted Titmouse) will be changed to Baeolophus bicolor (AOU 1997, 1998); Parus carolinensis (Carolina Chickadee) will be changed to Poecile carolinensis (AOU 1997, 1998); Parus gambeli (Mountain Chickadee) will be changed to Poecile gambeli (AOU 1997, 1998); Parus hudsonicus (Boreal Chickadee) will be changed to Poecile hudsonica (AOU 1997, 1998, 2000); Parus rufescens (Chestnut-backed Chickadee) will be changed to Poecile rufescens (AOU 1997, 1998); Parus sclateri (Mexican Chickadee) will be changed to Poecile sclateri (AOU 1997, 1998); Parus wollweberi (Bridled Titmouse) will be changed to Baeolophus wollweberi (AOU 1997, 1998); Phalaropus fulicaria (Red Phalarope) will be changed to Phalaropus fulicarius (AOU 2002); Polyborus plancus (Crested Caracara) will be changed to Caracara cheriway (AOU 1993, 1998, 2000); Porphyrula martinica (Purple Gallinule) will be changed to Porphyrio martinica (AOU 2002); Saurothera vieilloti (Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo) will be changed to Coccyzus vielloti (AOU 2006); Seiurus aurocapillus (Ovenbird) will be changed to Seiurus aurocapilla (AOU 2003); Sterna albifrons (Little Tern) will be changed to Sternula albifrons (AOU 2006); Sterna aleutica (Aleutian Tern) will be changed to Onychoprion aleuticus (AOU 2006); Sterna anaethetus (Bridled Tern) will be changed to Onychoprion anaethetus (AOU 2006); Sterna antillarum (Least Tern) will be changed to Sternula antillarum (AOU 2006); Sterna caspia (Caspian Tern) will be changed to Hydroprogne caspia (AOU 2006); Sterna elegans (Elegant Tern) will be changed to Thalasseus elegans (AOU 2006); Sterna fuscata (Sooty Tern) will be changed to Onychoprion fuscatus (AOU 2006); Sterna lunata (Gray-backed Tern) will be changed to Onychoprion lunatus (AOU 2006); Sterna maxima (Royal Tern) will be changed to Thalasseus maximus (AOU 2006); Sterna nilotica (Gull-billed Tern) will be changed to Gelochelidon nilotica (AOU 2006); Sterna sandvicensis (Sandwich Tern) will be changed to Thalasseus sandvicensis (AOU 2006); Sula bassanus (Northern Gannet) will be changed to Morus bassanus (AOU 1989, 1998); Tiaris olivacea (Yellow-faced Grassquit) will be changed to Tiaris olivaceus (AOU 2004); and Toxostoma dorsale (Crissal Thrasher) will be changed to Toxostoma crissale (AOU 1984, 1985, 1998).

  (10) Revise the common (English) and scientific names of seven species to conform with the most recent nomenclature treatment. These revisions will not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the publication(s) supporting the name change:

Cormorant, Olivaceous, Phalacrocorax olivaceus, will be changed to Cormorant, Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus (AOU 1991, 1998); Egret, Plumed, Egretta intermedia, will be changed to Egret, Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia (Monroe and Sibley 1993); Night-Heron, Malay, Nycticorax melanolophus, will be changed to Night- Heron, Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus (Monroe and Sibley 1993); Thrush, Hawaiian, Phaeornis obscurus, will be changed to Omao, Myadestes obscurus (AOU 1985, 1998); Thrush, Small Kauai, Phaeornis palmeri, will be changed to Puaiohi, Myadestes palmeri (AOU 1985, 1998); Tit, Siberian, Parus cinctus, will be changed to Chickadee, Gray- headed, Poecile cincta (AOU 1998, 2000); and Titmouse, Plain, Parus inornatus, will be changed to Titmouse, Oak, Baeolophus inornatus (AOU 1997, 1998).

  (11) Revise incorrect or invalid scientific names of four species in the alphabetical list to reflect the most recent nomenclatural treatment and to correct inconsistencies between the alphabetical and taxonomic lists:

Kittiwake, Black-legged, Larus tridactyla, will be changed to Rissa trydactyla (AOU 1998); Kittiwake, Red-legged, Larus brevirostris, will be changed to Rissa brevirostris (AOU 1998); Skimmer, Black, Rhynchops niger, will be changed to Rynchops niger (AOU 1998); and Thrush, Wood, Hylocichla minima, will be changed to Hylocichla mustelina (AOU 1998).

  (12) Revise the common (English) name of two species in the alphabetical and taxonomic lists to correct misspellings:

Bittern, Schrenk's, Ixobrychus eurhythmus, will be changed to Bittern, Schrenck's (Monroe and Sibley 1993); and Redstart, Slaty-throated, Myioborus miniatus, will be changed to Redstart, Slate-throated (AOU 1998).

  (13) Revise the scientific names of three species in the taxonomic list to correct misspellings and inconsistencies between the alphabetical and taxonomic lists: Sialis currucoides (Mountain Bluebird) will be changed to Sialia currucoides (AOU 1998); Sialis mexicana (Western Bluebird) will be changed to Sialia mexicana (AOU 1998); and Sialis sialis (Eastern Bluebird) will be changed to Sialia sialis (AOU 1998).

  (14) Change the status of one taxon from protected subspecies to non-protected species (because there is no known natural occurrence of the newly recognized species in the United States or its territories). In accordance with the AOU (1998), the Barbary Falcon is currently treated as a subspecies (pelegrinoides) of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) in 50 CFR 10.13. We propose deferring to the taxonomic treatment of Monroe and Sibley (1993) in recognizing F. peregrinus pelegrinoides as a distinct species, Falco pelegrinoides, the Barbary Falcon. This change will bring our treatment of this taxon into conformity with that adopted by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES), thereby removing an inconsistency between the MBTA (50 CFR 10.13) and CITES (50 CFR 23.23) lists. This simple taxonomic change will not result in the addition or removal of any species from the list:

Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides, a subspecies of the Peregrine Falcon, will be changed to Falco

[Page 50201]pelegrinoides, Barbary Falcon (Monroe and Sibley 1993). (The newly recognized Barbary Falcon is not subject to the MBTA because its known geographic range lies entirely outside the political boundaries of the United States and its territories. This action will not change the legal status of any other subspecies of the Peregrine Falcon, all of which will continue to be protected under the MBTA.)

For ease of comparison, the proposed changes are summarized in the following table (numbers reference the categories treated above). Categories that involve name revisions (i.e., 9, 10, and 11) will require removal of the old name (left-hand column) and addition of the new name (right-hand column). To ensure that these two separate actions appear on the same line of the table, we employ brackets to identify old (removed) or new (added) names that are listed in correct alphabetical order elsewhere in the table:

Removed (alphabetically)

Added (alphabetically)

Albatross, Black-browed, Thalassarche melanophris (3). Albatross, Black-footed, Diomedea

Albatross, Black-footed, nigripes (9).

Phoebastria nigripes (9). Albatross, Laysan, Diomedea immutabilis Albatross, Laysan, Phoebastria (9).

immutabilis (9). Albatross, Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata (3). Albatross, Short-tailed, Diomedea

Albatross, Short-tailed, albatrus (9).

Phoebastria albatrus (9). Albatross, Shy, Thalassarche cauta (2). Albatross, Wandering, Diomedea exulans (2). Albatross, Yellow-nosed, Diomedea

Albatross, Yellow-nosed, chlororhynchos (9).

Thalassarche chlororhynchos (9). Auklet, Parakeet, Cyclorrhynchus

Auklet, Parakeet, Aethia psittacula (9).

psittacula (9). Barn-Owl, Common, Tyto alba (8)........ [see Owl, Barn]. Bittern, Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis (4). Bittern, Chinese, Ixobrychus sinensis Bittern, Yellow, Ixobrychus (8).

sinensis (8). Bittern, Schrenk's, Ixobrychus

Bittern, Schrenck's, Ixobrychus eurhythmus (12).

eurhythmus (12). Bluebird, Eastern, Sialis sialis (13).. Bluebird, Eastern, Sialia sialis (13). Bluebird, Mountain, Sialis currucoides Bluebird, Mountain, Sialia (13).

currucoides (13). Bluebird, Western, Sialis mexicana (13) Bluebird, Western, Sialia mexicana (13). Bluetail, Red-flanked, Tarsiger cyanurus (3). Bunting, Blue, Cyanocompsa parellina (2). Bunting, Gray, Emberiza variabilis (2). Bunting, Little, Emberiza pusilla (2).

[see Reed-Bunting, Pallas'] ............ Bunting, Pallas's, Emberiza pallasi (8). Bunting, Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos (3).

[see Reed-Bunting, Common] ............. Bunting, Reed, Emberiza schoeniculus (8). Bunting, Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola (3). Bunting, Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans (3). Carib, Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis (3). Caracara, Crested, Polyborus plancus Caracara, Crested, Caracara (9).

cheriway (9). Catbird, Black, Melanoptila glabrirostris (3). Chaffinch, Common, Fringilla coelebs (2). Chickadee, Black-capped, Parus

Chickadee, Black-capped, atricapillus (9).

Poecile atricapillus (9). Chickadee, Boreal, Parus hudsonicus (9) Chickadee, Boreal, Poecile hudsonica (9). Chickadee, Carolina, Parus carolinensis Chickadee, Carolina, Poecile (9).

carolinensis (9). Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, Parus

Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, rufescens (9).

Poecile rufescens (9).

[see Tit, Siberian] .................... Chickadee, Gray-headed, Poecile cincta (10). Chickadee, Mexican, Parus sclateri (9). Chickadee, Mexican, Poecile sclateri (9). Chickadee, Mountain, Parus gambeli (9). Chickadee, Mountain, Poecile gambeli (9). Coot, Hawaiian, Fulica alai (5). Cormorant, Little Pied, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos (4). Cormorant, Olivaceous, Phalacrocorax Cormorant, Neotropic, olivaceus (10).

Phalacrocorax brasilianus (10). Crake, Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops (2). Crake, Spotless, Porzana tabuensis (4). Crow, Mariana, Corvus kubaryi (4). Crow, Mexican, Corvus imparatus (8).... Crow, Tamaulipas, Corvus imparatus (8). Cuckoo, Oriental, Cuculus saturatus (9) Cuckoo, Oriental, Cuculus optatus (9). Curlew, Eurasian, Numenius arquata (2). Curlew, Least, Numenius minutus (8).... Curlew, Little, Numenius minutus (8).

[see Teal, Falcated] ................... Duck, Falcated, Anas falcata (8).

[see Oldsquaw] ......................... Duck, Long-tailed, Clangula hyemalis (8). Duck, Masked, Oxyura dominica (9)...... Duck, Masked, Nomonyx dominicus (9). Duck, Muscovy, Cairina moschata (3). Duck, Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa (4). Duck, Spot-billed, Anas poecilorhyncha (1). Egret, Great, Casmerodius albus (9).... Egret, Great, Ardea alba (9). Egret, Plumed, Egretta intermedia (10). Egret, Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia (10). Egret, Little, Egretta garzetta (3). Elaenia, Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata (3).

Falcon, Barbary, Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides (=Falco pelegrinoides)(14).. Finch, Rosy, Leucosticte arctoa (6).... [see Rosy-Finch] Flicker, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides (5). Flycatcher, Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis (5). Flycatcher, Gray-spotted, Muscicapa Flycatcher, Gray-streaked, griseisticta (8).

Muscicapa griseisticta (8). Flycatcher, La Sagra's, Myiarchus sagrae (2).

[Page 50202]

Flycatcher, Narcissus, Muscicapa

Flycatcher, Narcissus, Ficedula narcissina (9).

narcissina (9). Flycatcher, Olive-sided, Contopus

Flycatcher, Olive-sided, borealis (9).

Contopus cooperi (9). Flycatcher, Western, Empidonax

Flycatcher, Pacific-slope, difficilis (8).

Empidonax difficilis (8). Flycatcher, Piratic, Legatus leucophalus (3). Flycatcher, Social, Myiozetetes similes (3). Flycatcher, Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus (3). Flycatcher, Variegated, Empidonomus varius (2). Forest-Falcon, Collared, Micrastur semitorquatus (3). Frog-Hawk, Gray, Accipiter soloensis (3). Fruit-Dove, Crimson-crowned, Ptilinopus porphyraceus (4). Fruit-Dove, Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii (4). Fruit-Dove, Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla (4). Gallinule, Azure, Porphyrio flavirostris (3). Gallinule, Purple, Porphyrula martinica Gallinule, Purple, Porphyrio (9).

martinica (9). Gannet, Northern, Sula bassanus (9).... Gannet, Northern, Morus bassanus (9). Gnatcatcher, California, Polioptila californica (5). Golden-Plover, Lesser, Pluvialis dominica (8). Golden-Plover, American, Pluvialis dominica (8). Golden-Plover, Pacific, Pluvialis fulva (5). Goose, Cackling, Branta hutchensii (5). Goose, Hawaiian, Nesochen sandvicensis Goose, Hawaiian, Branta (9).

sandvicensis (9). Goose, Lesser White-fronted, Anser erythropus (3). Goose, Ross', Chen rossii (8).......... Goose, Ross's, Chen rossii (8). Grassquit, Yellow-faced, Tiaris

Grassquit, Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivacea (9).

olivaceus (9). Grebe, Clark's, Aechmophorus clarkii (5). Greenshank, Nordmann's, Tringa guttifer (4). Grosbeak, Blue, Guiraca caerulea (9)... Grosbeak, Blue, Passerina caerulea (9). Ground-Dove, Friendly, Gallicolumba stairi (4). Ground-Dove, White-throated, Gallicolumba xanthonura (4). Gull, Belcher's, Larus belcheri (2). Gull, Common Black-headed, Larus

Gull, Black-headed, Larus ridibundus (8).

ridibundus (8). Gull, Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris (1). Gull, Gray-hooded, Larus cirrocephalus (3). Gull, Kelp, Larus dominicanus (3). Gull, Ross', Rhodostethia rosea (8).... Gull, Ross's, Rhodostethia rosea (8). Gull, Yellow-legged, Larus cachinnans (3). Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow, Accipiter

[see Sparrowhawk, Japanese] gularis (8). Hawk, Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens (3). Hawk, Harris', Parabuteo unicinctus (8) Hawk, Harris's, Parabuteo unicinctus (8). Hawk, Roadside, Buteo magnirostris (2). Hawk-Owl, Northern, Surnia ulula (8)... [see Owl, Northern Hawk] Heron, Gray, Ardea cinerea (4). Heron, Green, Butorides virescens (5). Heron, Green-backed, Butorides striatus [see Heron, Green]. (6). Heron, Pacific Reef, Egretta sacra (8). [see Reef-Egret, Pacific]. Hobby, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo (3). Hoopoe, Upupa epops (8)................ Hoopoe, Eurasian, Upupa epops (8). House-Martin, Common, Delichon urbica House-Martin, Common, Delichon (9).

urbicum (9). Hummingbird, Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa (2). Hummingbird, Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila (3). Hummingbird, Xantus's, Hylocharis xantusii (3). Imperial-Pigeon, Pacific, Ducula pacifica (4). Jay, Gray-breasted, Aphelocoma

Jay, Mexican, Aphelocoma ultramarina (8).

ultramarina (8). Jay, Scrub, Aphelocoma coerulescens (8) [see Scrub-Jay, Florida]. Kamao, Myadestes myadestinus (5). Kingbird, Loggerhead, Tyrannus

Kingfisher, Collared, caudifasciatus (6).

Todirhamphus chloris (4). Kingfisher, Micronesian, Todirhamphus cinnamominus (4). Kingfisher, Ringed, Ceryle torquata (9) Kingfisher, Ringed, Ceryle torquatus (9). Kite, American Swallow-tailed,

Kite, Swallow-tailed, Elanoides Elanoides forficatus (8).

forficatus (8). Kite, Black-shouldered, Elanus

[see Kite, White-tailed]. caeruleus (6). Kite, White-tailed, Elanus leucurus (5). Kittiwake, Black-legged, Larus

Kittiwake, Black-legged, Rissa tridactyla (11).

trydactyla (11). Kittiwake, Red-legged, Larus

Kittiwake, ed-legged, Rissa brevirostris (11).

brevirostris (11).

[see Skylark, Eurasian] ................ Lark, Sky, Alauda arvensis (8). Lizard-Cuckoo, Puerto Rican, Saurothera Lizard-Cuckoo, Puerto Rican, vieilloti (9).

Coccyzus vieilloti (9). Loon, Pacific, Gavia pacifica (5). Magpie, Black-billed (=Eurasian), Pica [see Magpie, Black-billed, Pica pica (6).

hudsonia]. Magpie, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia (5). Mango, Green-breasted, Anthracothorax prevostii (3). Martin, Brown-chested, Progne tapera (3). Martin, Southern, Progne elegans (2). Mockingbird, Bahama, Mimus gundlachii (2). Mockingbird, Blue, Melanotis caerulescens (3). Murrelet, Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix (3).

[Page 50203]

Murrelet, Xantus', Synthliboramphus Murrelet, Xantus's, hypoleucus (8).

Synthliboramphus hypoleucus (8). Night-Heron, Japanese, Nycticorax

Night-Heron, Japanese, goisagi (9).

Gorsachius goisagi (9). Night-Heron, Malay, Nycticorax

Night-Heron, Malayan, melanolophus (10).

Gorsachius melanolophus (10). Night-Heron, Yellow-crowned, Nycticorax Night-Heron, Yellow-crowned, violaceus (9).

Nyctanassa violacea (9). Nightjar, Jungle, Caprimulgus indicus Nightjar, Gray, Caprimulgus (8).

indicus (8). Nightingale-Thrush, Black- headed, Catharus mexicanus (3). Nightingale-Thrush, Orange- billed, Catharus aurantiirostris (3). Noddy, Lesser, Anous tenuirostris (6).. Oldsquaw, Clangula hyemalis (8)........ [see Duck, Long-tailed]. Olomao, Myadestes lanaiensis (5).

[see Thrush, Hawaiian] ................. Omao, Myadestes obscurus (10). Oriole, Northern, Icterus galbula (8).. Oriole, Baltimore, Icterus galbula (8). Oriole, Bullock's, Icterus bullockii (5). Oriole, Black-cowled, Icterus

Oriole, Greater Antillean, dominicensis (8).

Icterus dominicensis (8). Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapillus (9)..... Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapilla (9).

[see Barn-Owl, Common] ................. Owl, Barn, Tyto alba (8). Owl, Mottled, Ciccaba virgata (3).

[see Hawk-Owl, Northern] ............... Owl, Northern Hawk, Surnia ulula (8). Owl, Snowy, Nyctea scandiaca (9)....... Owl, Snowy, Bubo scandiaca (9). Owl, Stygian, Asio stygius (3). Oystercatcher, Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus (4).

[see Swift, Antillean Palm] ............ Palm-Swift, Antillean, Tachornis phoenicobia (8). Petrel, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow (3). Petrel, Black-winged, Pterodroma nigripennis (2). Petrel, Dark-rumped, Pterodroma

[see Petrel, Hawaiian] phaeopygia (6). Petrel, Gould's, Pterodroma leucoptera (4). Petrel, Great-winged, Pterodroma macroptera (3). Petrel, Hawaiian, Pterodroma sandwichensis (5). Petrel, Jouanin's, Bulweria fallax (2). Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma

Petrel, Juan Fernandez, externa (8).

Pterodroma externa (8). Petrel, Phoenix, Pterodroma alba (4). Petrel, Stejneger's, Pterodroma longirostris (3). Petrel, Tahiti, Pterodroma rostrata (4). Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis (5). Pewee, Cuban, Contopus caribeaus (3). Pewee, Hispaniolan, Contopus hispaniolensis (2). Phalarope, Red, Phalaropus fulicaria Red Phalarope, Phalaropus (9).

fulicarius (9). Pigeon, Band-tailed, Columba fasciata Pigeon, Band-tailed, (9).

Patagioenas fasciata (9). Pigeon, Plain, Columba inornata (9).... Pigeon, Plain, Patagioenas inornata (9). Pigeon, Red-billed, Columba

Pigeon, Red-billed, Patagioenas flavirostris (9).

flavirostris (9). Pigeon, Scaly-naped, Columba squamosa Pigeon, Scaly-naped, (9).

Patagioenas squamosa (9). Pigeon, White-crowned, Columba

Pigeon, White-crowned, leucocephala (9).

Patagioenas leucocephala (9). Pipit, Water, Anthus spinoletta (6).... [see Pipit, American]. Pipit, American, Anthus rubescens (5).

[see Tree-Pipit, Olive] ................ Pipit, Olive-backed, Anthus hodgsoni (8). Pipit, Tree, Anthus trivialis (2). Plover, Collared, Charadrius collaris (3). Plover, Great Sand, Charadrius

[see Sand-Plover, Greater]. leschenaultii (8). Plover, Mongolian, Charadrius mongolus [see Sand-Plover, Lesser]. (8). Pond-Heron, Chinese, Ardeola bacchus (3).

[see Thrush, Small Kauai] .............. Puaiohi, Myadestes palmeri (10).

[see Trogon, Eared] .................... Quetzel, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus (8). Rail, Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis (4). Rail, Guam, Gallirallus owstoni (4). Rail, Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus (2). Redstart, Slaty-throated, Myioborus Redstart, Slate-throated, miniatus (12).

Myioborus miniatus (12). Reed-Bunting, Common, Emberiza

[see Bunting, Reed]. schoeniculus (8). Reed-Bunting, Pallas', Emberiza pallasi [see Bunting, Pallas's]. (8).

[see Heron, Pacific Reef] .............. Reef-Egret, Pacific, Egretta sacra (8). Reef-Heron, Western, Egretta gularis (3). Robin, Siberian Blue, Luscinia cyane (3). Robin, White-throated, Turdus assimilis (3). Rosy-Finch, Black, Leucosticte atrata (5). Rosy-Finch, Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis (5). Rosy-Finch, Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis (5). Sandpiper, Green, Tringa ochropus (3). Sandpiper, Spoonbill, Eurynorhynchus Sandpiper, Spoon-billed, pygmeus (8).

Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (8). Sandpiper, Spotted, Actitis macularia Sandpiper, Spotted, Actitis (9).

macularius (9).

[see Plover, Great Sand] ............... Sand-Plover, Greater, Charadrius leschenaultii (8).

[see Plover, Mongolian] ................ Sand-Plover, Lesser, Charadrius mongolus (8). Sapsucker, Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis (5). Scops-Owl, Oriental, Otus sunia (2). Screech-Owl, Eastern, Otus asio (9).... Screech-Owl, Eastern, Megascops asio (9). Screech-Owl, Puerto Rican, Otus nudipes Screech-Owl, Puerto Rican, (9).

Megascops nudipes (9).

[Page 50204]

Screech-Owl, Western, Otus kennicottii Screech-Owl, Western, Megascops (9).

kennicottii (9). Screech-Owl, Whiskered, Otus trichopsis Screech-Owl, Whiskered, (9).

Megascops trichopsis (9).

[see Jay, Scrub] ....................... Scrub-Jay, Florida, Aphelocoma coerulescens (8). Scrub-Jay, Island, Aphelocoma insularis (5). Scrub-Jay, Western, Aphelocoma californica (5). Shearwater, Cape Verde, Calonectris edwardsii (3). Shearwater, Streaked, Calonectris leucomelas (2). Shrike, Brown, Lanius cristatus (2). Silky-flycatcher, Gray, Ptilogonys cinereus (3). Siskin, Eurasian, Carduelis spinus (3). Skimmer, Black, Rhynchops niger (11)... Skimmer, Black, Rynchops niger (11). Skua, Great, Catharacta skua (9)....... Skua, Great, Stercorarius skua (9). Skua, South Polar, Catharacta

Skua, South Polar, Stercorarius maccormicki (9).

maccormicki (9). Skylark, Eurasian, Alauda arvensis (8). [see Lark, Sky]. Snipe, Wilson's, Gallinago delicata (5). Sparrow, Five-striped, Amphispiza

Sparrow, Five-striped, quinquestriata (9).

Aimophila quinquestriata (9). Sparrow, Harris', Zonotrichia querula Sparrow, Harris's, Zonotrichia (8).

querula (8). Sparrow, Nelson's Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus nelsoni (5). Sparrow, Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus

Sparrow, Saltmarsh Sharp- caudacutus (8).

tailed, Ammodramus caudacutus (8).

[see Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow] ............ Sparrowhawk, Japanese, Accipiter gularis (8). Spindalis, Puerto Rican, Spindalis portoricensis (5).

[see Tanager, Stripe-headed] ........... Spindalis, Western, Spindalis zena (8). Spoonbill, Roseate, Ajaia ajaja (9).... Spoonbill, Roseate, Platalea ajaja (9). Starling, Violet-backed, Sturnus

Starling, Chestnut-cheeked, philippensis (8).

Sturnus philippensis (8). Starling, Ashy, Sturnus cineraceus (8). Starling, White-cheeked, Sturnus cineraceus (8). Stilt, Black-winged, Himantopus himantopus (3). Stint, Rufous-necked, Calidris

Stint, Red-necked, Calidris ruficollis (8).

ruficollis (8). Stonechat, Saxicola torquatus (3). Storm-Petrel, Black-bellied, Fregetta tropica (3). Storm-Petrel, Matsudaira's, Oceanodroma matsudairae (4). Storm-Petrel, Polynesian, Nesofregata fuliginosa (4). Storm-Petrel, Sooty, Oceanodroma

Storm-Petrel, Tristram's, tristrami (8).

Oceanodroma tristrami (8). Storm-Petrel, White-bellied, Fregetta grallaria (4). Swallow, Cave, Hirundo fulva (9)....... Swallow, Cave, Petrochelidon fulva (9). Swallow, Cliff, Hirundo pyrrhonota (9). Swallow, Cliff, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota (9). Swallow, Mangrove, Tachycineta albilinea (3). Swamphen, Purple, Porphyrio porphyrio (4). Swift, Alpine, Apus melba (3). Swift, Antillean Palm, Tachornis

[see Palm-Swift, Antillean]. phoenicobia (8). Swift, Short-tailed, Chaetura brachyura (2). Tanager, Stripe-headed, Spindalis zena [see Spindalis, Western]. (8).. Swiftlet, Mariana, Aerodramus bartschi (4). Swiftlet, White-rumped, Aerodramus spodiopygius (4). Tanager, Flame-colored, Piranga bidentata (3). Tattler, Gray-tailed, Heteroscelus Tattler, Gray-tailed, Tringa brevipes (9).

brevipes (9). Tattler, Wandering, Heteroscelus

Tattler, Wandering, Tringa incanus (9).

incana (9). Teal, Falcated, Anas falcata (8)....... [see Duck, Falcated]. Tern, Aleutian, Sterna aleutica (9).... Tern, Aleutian, Onychoprion aleuticus (9). Tern, Bridled, Sterna anaethetus (9)... Tern, Bridled, Onychoprion anaethetus (9). Tern, Caspian, Sterna caspia (9)....... Tern, Caspian, Hydroprogne caspia (9). Tern, Elegant, Sterna elegans (9)...... Tern, Elegant, Thalasseus elegans (9). Tern, Gray-backed, Sterna lunata (9)... Tern, Gray-backed, Onychoprion lunatus (9). Tern, Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii (3). Tern, Gull-billed, Sterna nilotica (9). Tern, Gull-billed, Gelochelidon nilotica (9). Tern, Least, Sterna antillarum (9)..... Tern, Least, Sternula antillarum (9). Tern, Little, Sterna albifrons (9)..... Tern, Little, Sternula albifrons (9). Tern, Royal, Sterna maxima (9)......... Tern, Royal, Thalasseus maximus (9). Tern, Sandwich, Sterna sandvicensis (9) Tern, Sandwich, Thalasseus sandvicensis (9). Tern, Sooty, Sterna fuscata (9)........ Tern, Sooty, Onychoprion fuscatus (9). Tern, Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida (3). Thrasher, Crissal, Toxostoma dorsale Thrasher, Crissal, Toxostoma (9).

crissale (9). Thrush, Bicknell's, Catharus bicknelli (5). Thrush, Eye-browed, Turdus obscurus (8) Thrush, Eyebrowed, Turdus obscurus (8). Thrush, Hawaiian, Phaeornis obscurus [see Omao]. (10). Thrush, Small Kauai, Phaeornis palmeri [see Puaiohi]. (10). Thrush, Wood, Hylocichla minima (11)... Thrush, Wood, Hylocichla mustelina (11). Tit, Siberian, Parus cinctus (10)...... [see Chickadee, Gray-headed]. Titmouse, Black-crested, Baeolophus atricristatus (5). Titmouse, Bridled, Parus wollweberi (9) Titmouse, Bridled, Baeolophus wollweberi (9). Titmouse, Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi (5). Titmouse, Plain, Parus inornatus (10).. Titmouse, Oak, Baeolophus inornatus (10). Titmouse, Tufted, Parus bicolor (9).... Titmouse, Tufted, Baeolophus bicolor (9). Tityra, Masked, Tityra semifasciata (3). Towhee, California, Pipilo crissalis (5).

[Page 50205]

Towhee, Brown, Pipilo fuscus (8)....... Towhee, Canyon, Pipilo fuscus (8). Towhee, Rufous-sided, Pipilo

Towhee, Eastern, Pipilo erythrophthalmus (8).

erythrophthalmus (8). Towhee, Spotted, Pipilo maculatus (5). Tree-Pipit, Olive, Anthus hodgsoni (8). [see Pipit, Olive-backed]. Trogon, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus (8). [see Quetzel, Eared]. Turtle-Dove, Oriental, Streptopelia orientalis (3). Vireo, Solitary, Vireo solitarius (8).. Vireo, Blue-headed, Vireo solitarius (8). Vireo, Cassin's, Vireo cassinii (5). Vireo, Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus (5). Vireo, Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris (2). Vireo, Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis (5). Vireo, Yucatan, Vireo magister (3). Wagtail, Black-backed, Motacilla lugens Wagtail, Citrine, Motacilla (7).

citreola (3). Wagtail, Yellow, Motacilla flava (6)... [see Wagtail, Eastern Yellow]. Wagtail, Eastern Yellow, Motacilla tschutschensis (5). Warbler, Crescent-chested, Parula superciliosa (3). Warbler, Elfin Woods, Dendroica angelae Warbler, Elfin-woods, Dendroica (8).

angelae (8). Warbler, Fan-tailed, Euthlypis lachrymosa (2). Warbler, Worm-eating, Helmitheros

Warbler, Worm-eating, vermivora (9).

Helmitheros vermivorus (9). Willet, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus (9) Willet, Tringa semipalmata (9). Woodpecker, American Three- toed, Picoides dorsalis (5). Woodpecker, Arizona, Picoides arizonae (5). Woodpecker, Great Spotted, Dendrocopos major (3). Woodpecker, Lewis', Melanerpes lewis Woodpecker, Lewis's, Melanerpes (8).

lewis (8). Woodpecker, Strickland's, Picoides [see Woodpecker, Arizona]. stricklandi (6). Woodpecker, Three-toed, Picoides

[see Woodpecker, American Three- tridactylis (6).

toed].

How Do the Changes Proposed Here Differ From Those Discussed in the 2001 Proposed Rule?

We propose adding another 85 species (88 species in the current proposed rule versus 3 species in the 2001 proposed rule) based on documented evidence of their occurrence in the United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Virgin Islands. We propose adding 28 species (28 versus 0) that belong to families covered by the Canadian and Mexican treaties that occur naturally in the United States only in the Pacific island territories of American Samoa, Baker and Howland Islands, Guam, or the Northern Mariana Islands. We propose adding an additional 11 species (37 versus 26) because of recent taxonomic changes in which taxa formerly treated as subspecies have been elevated to the status of full species. We propose removing an additional 11 species (12 versus 1) based on revised taxonomic treatments and new distributional information. We propose changing the common and/or scientific names of an additional 25 species (103 versus 78). We propose correcting errors in the common or scientific names of an additional 8 species (9 versus 1).

How Is the List of Migratory Birds Organized?

The species are listed in two formats to suit the needs of different segments of the public: alphabetically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(1) and taxonomically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(2). In the alphabetical listing, species are listed by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the English group name. This format, which is similar to that used in modern telephone directories, will be most useful to members of the lay public. In the taxonomic listing, species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the English name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily. This format, which follows the sequence adopted by the AOU (1998, 2004), will be most useful to ornithologists and other scientists.

What Species Are Not Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act?

The MBTA does not apply to species that fall into any of the following three categories:

  (1) Nonnative species introduced into the United States or its territories by means of intentional or unintentional human assistance that belong to families or groups covered by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian treaties, in accordance with the MBTRA. See 70 FR 12710 (March 15, 2005) for a partial list of nonnative human-introduced bird species in this category.

  (2) Nonnative human-introduced species that belong to families or groups not covered by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian treaties, including Tinamidae (tinamous), Cracidae (chachalacas), Megapodiidae (megapodes), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and turkeys), Turnicidae (buttonquails), Odontophoridae (New World quail), Pteroclididae (sandgrouse), Psittacidae (parrots), Dicruridae (drongos), Rhamphastidae (toucans), Musophagidae (turacos), Bucerotidae (hornbills), Bucorvidae (ground-hornbills), Pycnonotidae (bulbuls), Pittidae (pittas), Irenidae (fairy-bluebirds), Timaliidae (wrentits), Zosteropidae (white-eyes), Sturnidae (starlings; except as listed in the Japanese treaty), Passeridae (Old World sparrows), Ploceidae (weavers), Estrildidae (estrildid finches), and numerous other families not currently represented in the United States or its territories.

  (3) Native species that belong to families or groups represented in the United States, but which are not expressly mentioned by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian treaties, including the Megapodiidae (megapodes), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and turkeys), Odontophoridae (New World quail), Burhinidae (thick-knees), Glareolidae (pratincoles), Psittacidae (parrots), Todidae (todies), Meliphagidae (honeyeaters), Monarchidae (monarchs), Timaliidae (wrentits), Coerebidae (bananaquits), and Drepanidinae (Hawaiian honeycreepers).

Partial lists of the species included in categories 2 and 3 are available at http://migratorybirds.fws.gov/issues/nonnative/MBTA-Protected&NonprotectedSpecies.htm .

[Page 50206]Does This Rule Comply With NEPA?

Given that the proposed revision of 50 CFR 10.13 is strictly administrative in nature and does not constitute a Federal action in the context of NEPA it is categorically excluded from further NEPA requirements, as provided by Department of the Interior Manual 516 DM 2, Appendix 1.10.

Does This Rule Comply With the Endangered Species Act?

Yes. Eighty of the species on the List of Migratory Birds are also designated as endangered or threatened in all or some portion of their U.S. range under provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531, et seq.; see 50 CFR 17.11). No legal complications arise from the dual listing since the two lists are developed under separate authorities and for different purposes. Because the proposed rule is strictly administrative in nature, it does not require ESA consultation.

Does This Rule Affect Energy Supplies, Distribution, or Use?

On May 18, 2001, the President issued Executive Order 13211 on regulations that significantly effect energy supply, distribution, and use. Executive Order 13211 requires agencies to prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions. Because this rule is only making revisions to existing regulations that are strictly administrative in nature, it is not a significant regulatory action under Executive Order 12866 and is not expected to significantly affect energy supplies, distribution, and use. Therefore, this action is not a significant energy action, and no Statement of Energy Effects is required.

Clarity of the Rule

Executive Order 12866 requires each agency to write regulations/ notices that are easy to understand. We invite your comments on how to make this proposed rule easier to understand, including answers to questions such as the following: (1) Are the requirements in the proposed rule clearly stated? (2) Does the proposed rule contain unnecessary technical language or jargon that interferes with the clarity? (3) Does the format of the proposed rule (grouping and order of sections, use of headings, paragraphing, etc.) aid or reduce its clarity? (4) Is the description of the proposed rule in the Supplementary Information section of the preamble helpful in understanding the proposed rule? (5) What else could we do to make the proposed rule easier to understand?

Send a copy of any comments that concern how we could make this proposed rule easier to understand to: Office of Regulatory Affairs, Department of the Interior, Room 7229, 1849 C Street NW., Washington, DC 20240. You may e-mail your comments to the following address: Execsec@ios.doi.gov.

What About Other Required Determinations?

Because the revision to the List of Migratory Birds merely re- describes the birds already protected by Federal treaties with Canada, Japan, Mexico, and Russia, we determined that this document does not have a significant economic effect on a substantial number of small entities under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.).

This document has not been reviewed by the Office of Management and Budget under E.O. 12866. In accordance with the criteria in Executive Order 12866, this rule is not a significant regulatory action.

This rule is not a major rule under the terms of 5 U.S.C. 804(2), the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act.

The rule does not contain information collection requirements that must be approved by the Office of Management and Budget under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.).

We find and certify, in compliance with the requirements of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.), that the rule is not a significant regulatory action and will not impose a cost of $100 million or more in any given year on local or State government or private entities.

As noted above, the rule will not have sufficient federalism implications to warrant the preparation of a Federalism Assessment under Executive Order 13132.

We have determined that these regulations meet the applicable standards provided in Sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of Executive Order 12988 for civil justice reform.

This rule does not have significant takings implications for private property, as defined in Executive Order 12630. A takings implication assessment is not required because migratory birds are a Federally managed resource under laws implementing international treaties and are not personal property.

Regarding Government-to-Government relationships with Tribes (59 FR 22951) and Executive Order 13175, these revisions to existing regulations are purely administrative in nature. They will have no effect on Federally recognized Tribes or Tribal trust resources.

References Cited

American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Eugene Eisenmann (chair--deceased), Burt L. Monroe Jr. (acting chair), Kenneth C. Parkes, Lester L. Short, Richard C. Banks, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, and Robert W. Storer]. 1982. Thirty-fourth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 99: 1CC-16CC. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Eugene Eisenmann (chair--deceased), Burt L. Monroe Jr. (acting chair), Kenneth C. Parkes, Lester L. Short, Richard C. Banks, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, and Robert W. Storer]. 1983. Check-list of North American birds: the species of birds of North America from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and Hawaiian Islands. 6th edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC. 877 pp. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Burt L. Monroe Jr. (chair), Richard C. Banks, John W. Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Henri Ouellet, James V. Remsen, and Robert W. Storer]. 1985. Thirty-fifth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 102: 680-686. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Burt L. Monroe (chair), Richard C. Banks, John W. Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Henri Ouellet, James V. Remsen, and Robert W. Storer]. 1987. Thirty-sixth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 104: 591-596. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Burt L. Monroe Jr. (chair), Richard C. Banks, John W. Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Henri Ouellet, J. V. Remsen, and Robert W. Storer]. 1989. Thirty-seventh supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 106: 532-538. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Burt L. Monroe Jr. (chair), Richard C. Banks, John W. Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Henri Ouellet, J. V. Remsen, and Robert W. Storer]. 1991. Thirty-eighth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 108: 750-754. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Burt L. Monroe Jr. (chair), Richard C. Banks, John W. Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Henri Ouellet, J. V. Remsen, and Robert W. Storer]. 1993. Thirty-ninth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-

[Page 50207]list of North American birds. Auk 110: 675-682. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Burt L. Monroe Jr. (chair-deceased), Richard C. Banks (acting chair), John W. Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Henri Ouelet, J. V. Remsen, and Robert W. Storer]. 1995. Fortieth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 112: 819-830. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), John W. Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Burt L. Monroe (chair-deceased), Henri Ouellet, J. V. Remsen Jr., and Robert W. Storer]. 1997. Forty-first supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 114: 542-552. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), John W. Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Burt L. Monroe Jr. (chair-deceased), Henri Ouellet, J. V. Remsen Jr., and Robert W. Storer]. 1998. Check- list of North American birds: the species of birds of North America from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and Hawaiian Islands. 7th edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. 829 pp. American Ornithologists' Union. 1999. Notice from the Committee on Classification and Nomenclature. Auk 116: 282-283. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Henri Ouellet (deceased), Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen Jr., James A. Rising, and Douglas F. Stotz]. 2000. Forty- second supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 117:847-858. American Ornithologists' Union. 2002 [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen Jr., James D. Rising, and Douglas F. Stotz]. Forty-third supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 119: 897-906. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen Jr., James D. Rising, and Douglas F. Stotz]. 2003. Forty-fourth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 120:923-931. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen Jr., James D. Rising, and Douglas F. Stotz]. 2004. Forty-fifth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 121:985-995. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen Jr., James D. Rising, and Douglas F. Stotz]. 2005. Forty-sixth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 122:1026-1031. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen Jr., James D. Rising, and Douglas F. Stotz]. 2006. Forty-seventh supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 123:926-936. Monroe, Burt. L., Jr., and Charles G. Sibley. 1993. A world checklist of birds. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut. 393 pp. Pratt, H. Douglas, Phillip L. Bruner, and Delwyn G. Berrett. 1987. A field guide to the birds of Hawaii and the tropical Pacific. Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey. 409 pp.

Public Comments Invited

We invite interested parties to submit written comments or suggestions regarding the draft revised list of migratory birds protected by the MBTA by any one of the means identified in the ADDRESSES section. Duplicate submissions are discouraged. The complete file for this notice will be available for public inspection during normal business hours, by appointment, at the location identified in the ADDRESSES section.

E-mail comments should be submitted as an ASCII file with ``Revised List of Migratory Birds'' in the subject line. Avoid the use of special characters and any form of encryption.

While all comments will be considered, we encourage reviewers to focus on the following questions:

  (1) Do the five criteria used to identify individual species protected by the MBTA accurately reflect the language and intentions of the MBTA and the underlying conventions? If not, what changes would you recommend?

  (2) Have we included any species that doesn't meet any of the criteria for protection under the MBTA? Please be specific, and provide as much detail as possible.

  (3) Have we omitted any species that should be protected by the MBTA because they meet one or more of the specified criteria?

Following review and consideration of the comments, we will publish a final list in the Federal Register.

Author

John L. Trapp, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Bird Management, 4401 North Fairfax Drive, Mail Stop 4107, Arlington, VA 22203.

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 10

Exports, Fish, Imports, Law enforcement, Plants, Transportation, Wildlife.

Regulation Promulgation

For the reasons discussed in the preamble, we propose to amend title 50, chapter I, subchapter B, part 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as follows:

PART 10--[AMENDED]

1. The authority citation for part 10 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 18 U.S.C. 42; 16 U.S.C. 703-712; 16 U.S.C. 668a-d; 19 U.S.C. 1202; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1543; 16 U.S.C. 1361-1384, 1401-1407; 16 U.S.C. 742a-742j-l; 16 U.S.C. 3371-3378.

2. Revise Sec. 10.13 to read as follows:

Sec. 10.13 List of Migratory Birds.

  (a) What is the legal authority for this list? The Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) in 16 U.S.C. 703-711, the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978, 16 U.S.C. 712, and 16 U.S.C. 742a-j. The MBTA implements treaties between the United States and four neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows:

  (1) Canada: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, United States-Great Britain (on behalf of Canada), 39 Stat. 1702, T.S. No. 628;

  (2) Mexico: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, United States-United Mexican States (=Mexico), 50 Stat. 1311, T.S. No. 912;

  (3) Japan: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 4, 1972, United States-Japan, 25 U.S.T. 3329, T.I.A.S. No. 7990; and

  (4) Russia: Convention for the Conservation of Migratory Birds and Their Environment, United States-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (=Russia), November 26, 1976, 92 Stat. 3110, T.I.A.S. 9073, 16 U.S.C. 703, 712.

  (b) What is the purpose of this list? The purpose is to inform the public of the species protected by regulations designed to enforce the terms of the MBTA. These regulations, found in parts 10, 20, and 21 of this chapter, cover most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds.

[Page 50208]

  (c) What species are protected as migratory birds? Species protected as migratory birds are listed in two formats to suit the varying needs of the user: alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of this section and taxonomically in paragraph (c)(2) of this section. Taxonomy and nomenclature generally follow the 7th edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's Check-list of North American birds (1998, as amended through 2004); for species not treated by the AOU Check-list, we follow Monroe and Sibley's A World Checklist of Birds (1993).

  (1) Alphabetical listing. Species are listed alphabetically by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the common name. It is possible that alphabetical listing by common group names may create confusion in those few instances in which the common (English) name of a species has changed. The species formerly known as the Falcated Teal, for example, is now known as the Falcated Duck. To prevent confusion, the alphabetical list has two entries for Falcated Duck: ``DUCK, Falcated;'' and ``[TEAL, Falcated (see DUCK, Falcated)]''. Other potential ambiguities are treated in the same way.

ACCENTOR, Siberian, Prunella montanella ALBATROSS, Black-browed, Thalassarche melanophris

Black-footed, Phoebastria nigripes

Laysan, Phoebastria immutabilis

Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata

Short-tailed, Phoebastria albatrus

Shy, Thalassarche cauta

Wandering, Diomedea exulans

Yellow-nosed, Thalassarche chlororhynchos ANHINGA, Anhinga anhinga ANI, Groove-billed, Crotophaga sulcirostris

Smooth-billed, Crotophaga ani AUKLET, Cassin's, Ptychoramphus aleuticus

Crested, Aethia cristatella

Least, Aethia pusilla

Parakeet, Aethia psittacula

Rhinoceros, Cerorhinca monocerata

Whiskered, Aethia pygmaea AVOCET, American, Recurvirostra americana

[BARN-OWL, Common (see OWL, Barn)] . BEARDLESS-TYRANNULET, Northern, Camptostoma imberbe BECARD, Rose-throated, Pachyramphus aglaiae BITTERN, American, Botaurus lentiginosus

Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis

Chinese (see Yellow)Least, Ixobrychus exilis

Schrenck's, Ixobrychus eurhythmus

Yellow, Ixobrychus sinensis BLACK-HAWK, Common, Buteogallus anthracinus BLACKBIRD, Brewer's, Euphagus cyanocephalus

Red-winged, Agelaius phoeniceus

Rusty, Euphagus carolinus

Tawny-shouldered, Agelaius humeralis

Tricolored, Agelaius tricolor

Yellow-headed, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus

Yellow-shouldered, Agelaius xanthomus BLUEBIRD, Eastern, Sialia sialis

Mountain, Sialia currucoides

Western, Sialia mexicana BLUETAIL, Red-flanked, Tarsiger cyanurus BLUETHROAT, Luscinia svecica BOBOLINK, Dolichonyx oryzivorus BOOBY, Blue-footed, Sula nebouxii

Brown, Sula leucogaster

Masked, Sula dactylatra

Red-footed, Sula sula BRAMBLING, Fringilla montifringilla BRANT, Branta bernicla BUFFLEHEAD, Bucephala albeola BULLFINCH, Eurasian, Pyrrhula pyrrhula

Puerto Rican, Loxigilla portoricensis BUNTING, Blue, Cyanocompsa parellina

Gray, Emberiza variabilis

Indigo, Passerina cyanea

Little, Emberiza pusilla

Lark, Calamospiza melanocorys

Lazuli, Passerina amoena

McKay's, Plectrophenax hyperboreus

Painted, Passerina ciris

Pallas's, Emberiza pallasi

Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos

Reed, Emberiza schoeniculus

Rustic, Emberiza rustica

Snow, Plectrophenax nivalis

Varied, Passerina versicolor

Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola

Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans BUSHTIT, Psaltriparus minimus CANVASBACK, Aythya valisineria CARACARA, Crested, Caracara cheriway CARDINAL, Northern, Cardinalis cardinalis CARIB, Green-throated, Eulampis holosericeus

Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis CATBIRD, Black, Melanoptila glabrirostris

Gray, Dumetella carolinensis CHAFFINCH, Common, Fringilla coelebs CHAT, Yellow-breasted, Icteria virens CHICKADEE, Black-capped, Poecile atricapillus

Boreal, Poecile hudsonica

Carolina, Poecile carolinensis

Chestnut-backed, Poecile rufescens

Gray-headed, Poecile cincta

Mexican, Poecile sclateri

Mountain, Poecile gambeli CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW, Caprimulgus carolinensis CONDOR, California, Gymnogyps californianus COOT, American, Fulica americana

Caribbean, Fulica caribaea

Eurasian, Fulica atra

Hawaiian, Fulica alai CORMORANT, Brandt's, Phalacrocorax penicillatus

Double-crested, Phalacrocorax auritus

Great, Phalacrocorax carbo

Little Pied, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos

Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus

Olivaceous (see Neotropic)Pelagic, Phalacrocorax pelagicus

Red-faced, Phalacrocorax urile COWBIRD, Bronzed, Molothrus aeneus

Brown-headed, Molothrus ater

Shiny, Molothrus bonariensis CRAKE, Corn, Crex crex

Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops

Spotless, Porzana tabuensis

Yellow-breasted, Porzana flaviventer CRANE, Common, Grus grus

Sandhill, Grus canadensis

Whooping, Grus americana CREEPER, Brown, Certhia americana CROSSBILL, Red, Loxia curvirostra

White-winged, Loxia leucoptera CROW, American, Corvus brachyrhynchos

Fish, Corvus ossifragus

Hawaiian, Corvus hawaiiensis

Mariana, Corvus kubaryi

Mexican (see Tamaulipas)Northwestern, Corvus caurinus

Tamaulipas, Corvus imparatus

White-necked, Corvus leucognaphalus CUCKOO, Black-billed, Coccyzus erythropthalmus

Common, Cuculus canorus

Mangrove, Coccyzus minor

Oriental, Cuculus optatus

Yellow-billed, Coccyzus americanus CURLEW, Bristle-thighed, Numenius tahitiensis

Eskimo, Numenius borealis

Eurasian, Numenius arquata

Far Eastern, Numenius madagascariensis

Least (see Little)Little, Numenius minutus

Long-billed, Numenius americanus DICKCISSEL, Spiza americana DIPPER, American, Cinclus mexicanus DOTTEREL, Eurasian, Charadrius morinellus DOVE, Inca, Columbina inca

Mourning, Zenaida macroura

White-tipped, Leptotila verreauxi

White-winged, Zenaida asiatica

Zenaida, Zenaida aurita

[Page 50209]DOVEKIE, Alle alle DOWITCHER, Long-billed, Limnodromus scolopaceus

Short-billed, Limnodromus griseus DUCK, American Black, Anas rubripes

Falcated, Anas falcata

Harlequin, Histrionicus histrionicus

Hawaiian, Anas wyvilliana

Laysan, Anas laysanensis

Long-tailed, Clangula hyemalis

Masked, Nomonyx dominicus

Mottled, Anas fulvigula

Muscovy, Cairina moschata

Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa

Ring-necked, Aythya collaris

Ruddy, Oxyura jamaicensis

Spot-billed, Anas poecilorhyncha

Tufted, Aythya fuligula

Wood, Aix sponsa DUNLIN, Calidris alpina EAGLE, Bald, Haliaeetus leucocephalus

Golden, Aquila chrysaetos

White-tailed, Haliaeetus albicilla EGRET, Cattle, Bubulcus ibis

Chinese, Egretta eulophotes

Great, Ardea alba

Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia

Little, Egretta garzetta

Plumed (see Intermediate)Reddish, Egretta rufescens

Snowy, Egretta thula EIDER, Common, Somateria mollissima

King, Somateria spectabilis

Spectacled, Somateria fischeri

Steller's, Polysticta stelleri ELAENIA, Caribbean, Elaenia martinica

Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata EMERALD, Puerto Rican, Chlorostilbon maugaeus EUPHONIA, Antillean, Euphonia musica FALCON, Aplomado, Falco femoralis

Peregrine, Falco peregrinus

Prairie, Falco mexicanus FIELDFARE, Turdus pilaris FINCH, Cassin's, Carpodacus cassinii

House, Carpodacus mexicanus

Purple, Carpodacus purpureus

[Rosy (see ROSY-FINCH)] FLAMINGO, Greater, Phoenicopterus ruber FLICKER, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides

Northern, Colaptes auratus FLYCATCHER, Acadian, Empidonax virescens

Alder, Empidonax alnorum

Ash-throated, Myiarchus cinerascens

Brown-crested, Myiarchus tyrannulus

Buff-breasted, Empidonax fulvifrons

Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis

Dusky, Empidonax oberholseri

Dusky-capped, Myiarchus tuberculifer

Fork-tailed, Tyrannus savana

Gray, Empidonax wrightii

Gray-spotted (see Gray-streaked)Gray-streaked, Muscicapa griseisticta

Great Crested, Myiarchus crinitus

Hammond's, Empidonax hammondii

La Sagra's, Myiarchus sagrae

Least, Empidonax minimus

Narcissus, Ficedula narcissina

Nutting's, Myiarchus nuttingi

Olive-sided, Contopus cooperi

Pacific-slope, Empidonax difficilis

Piratic, Legatus leucophalus

Puerto Rican, Myiarchus antillarum

Scissor-tailed, Tyrannus forficatus

Social, Myiozetetes similis

Sulphur-bellied, Myiodynastes luteiventris

Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus

Variegated, Empidonomus varius

Vermilion, Pyrocephalus rubinus

Western (see Cordilleran and Pacific-slope)Willow, Empidonax traillii

Yellow-bellied, Empidonax flaviventris FOREST-FALCON, Collared, Micrastur semitorquatus FRIGATEBIRD, Great, Fregata minor

Lesser, Fregata ariel

Magnificent, Fregata magnificens FROG-HAWK, Gray, Accipiter soloensis FRUIT-DOVE, Crimson-crowned, Ptilinopus porphyraceus

Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii

Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla FULMAR, Northern, Fulmarus glacialis GADWALL, Anas strepera GALLINULE, Azure, Porphyrio flavirostris

Purple, Porphyrio martinica GANNET, Northern, Morus bassanus GARGANEY, Anas querquedula GNATCATCHER, Black-capped, Polioptila nigriceps

Black-tailed, Polioptila melanura

Blue-gray, Polioptila caerulea

California, Polioptila californica GODWIT, Bar-tailed, Limosa lapponica

Black-tailed, Limosa limosa

Hudsonian, Limosa haemastica

Marbled, Limosa fedoa GOLDEN-PLOVER, American, Pluvialis dominica

Lesser (see American)Pacific, Pluvialis fulva GOLDENEYE, Barrow's, Bucephala islandica

Common, Bucephala clangula GOLDFINCH, American, Carduelis tristis

Lawrence's, Carduelis lawrencei

Lesser, Carduelis psaltria GOOSE, Barnacle, Branta leucopsis

Bean, Anser fabalis

Cackling, Branta hutchinsii

Canada, Branta canadensis

Emperor, Chen canagica

Greater White-fronted, Anser albifrons

Hawaiian, Branta sandvicensis

Lesser White-fronted, Anser erythropus

Ross's, Chen rossii

Snow, Chen caerulescens GOSHAWK, Northern, Accipiter gentilis GRACKLE, Boat-tailed, Quiscalus major

Common, Quiscalus quiscula

Great-tailed, Quiscalus mexicanus

Greater Antillean, Quiscalus niger GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER, Middendorff's, Locustella ochotensis GRASSQUIT, Black-faced, Tiaris bicolor

Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivaceus GREBE, Clark's, Aechmophorus clarkii

Eared, Podiceps nigricollis

Horned, Podiceps auritus

Least, Tachybaptus dominicus

Pied-billed, Podilymbus podiceps

Red-necked, Podiceps grisegena

Western, Aechmophorus occidentalis GREENFINCH, Oriental, Carduelis sinica GREENSHANK, Common, Tringa nebularia

Nordmann's, Tringa guttifer GROSBEAK, Black-headed, Pheucticus melanocephalus

Blue, Passerina caerulea

Crimson-collared, Rhodothraupis celaeno

Evening, Coccothraustes vespertinus

Pine, Pinicola enucleator

Rose-breasted, Pheucticus ludovicianus

Yellow, Pheucticus chrysopeplus GROUND-DOVE, Common, Columbina passerina

Friendly, Gallicolumba stairi

Ruddy, Columbina talpacoti

White-throated, Gallicolumba xanthonura GUILLEMOT, Black, Cepphus grylle

Pigeon, Cepphus columba GULL, Belcher's, Larus belcheri

Black-headed, Larus ridibundus

Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris

Bonaparte's, Larus philadelphia

California, Larus californicus

Common Black-headed (see Black-headed)Franklin's, Larus pipixcan

Glaucous, Larus hyperboreus

Glaucous-winged, Larus glaucescens

Gray-hooded, Larus cirrocephalus

Great Black-backed, Larus marinus

Heermann's, Larus heermanni

Herring, Larus argentatus

Iceland, Larus glaucoides

Ivory, Pagophila eburnea

Kelp, Larus dominicanus

Laughing, Larus atricilla

Lesser Black-backed, Larus fuscus

Little, Larus minutus

Mew, Larus canus

Ring-billed, Larus delawarensis

Ross's, Rhodostethia rosea

Sabine's, Xema sabini

Slaty-backed, Larus schistisagus

Thayer's, Larus thayeri

Western, Larus occidentalis

Yellow-footed, Larus livens

Yellow-legged, Larus cachinnans GYRFALCON, Falco rusticolus HARRIER, Northern, Circus cyaneus HAWFINCH, Coccothraustes coccothraustes

[Page 50210]HAWK, [Asiatic Sparrow (see SPARROWHAWK, Japanese)]

Broad-winged, Buteo platypterus

Cooper's, Accipiter cooperii

Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens

Ferruginous, Buteo regalis

Gray, Buteo nitidus

Harris's, Parabuteo unicinctus

Hawaiian, Buteo solitarius

Red-shouldered, Buteo lineatus

Red-tailed, Buteo jamaicensis

Roadside, Buteo magnirostris

Rough-legged, Buteo lagopus

Sharp-shinned, Accipiter striatus

Short-tailed, Buteo brachyurus

Swainson's, Buteo swainsoni

White-tailed, Buteo albicaudatus

Zone-tailed, Buteo albonotatus HAWK-CUCKOO, Hodgson's, Cuculus fugax

HAWK-OWL, Northern (see OWL, Northern Hawk)HERON, Gray, Ardea cinerea

Great Blue, Ardea herodias

Green, Butorides virescens

Green-backed (see Green)Little Blue, Egretta caerulea

Pacific Reef (see REEF-EGRET, Pacific)Tricolored, Egretta tricolor HOBBY, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo HOOPOE, Eurasian, Upupa epops HOUSE-MARTIN, Common, Delichon urbicum HUMMINGBIRD, Allen's, Selasphorus sasin

Anna's, Calypte anna

Antillean Crested, Orthorhynchus cristatus

Berylline, Amazilia beryllina

Black-chinned, Archilochus alexandri

Blue-throated, Lampornis clemenciae

Broad-billed, Cynanthus latirostris

Broad-tailed, Selasphorus platycercus

Buff-bellied, Amazilia yucatanensis

Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa

Calliope, Stellula calliope

Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila

Costa's, Calypte costae

Lucifer, Calothorax lucifer

Magnificent, Eugenes fulgens

Ruby-throated, Archilochus colubris

Rufous, Selasphorus rufus

Violet-crowned, Amazilia violiceps

White-eared, Hylocharis leucotis

Xantus's, Hylocharis xantusii IBIS, Glossy, Plegadis falcinellus

Scarlet, Eudocimus ruber

White, Eudocimus albus

White-faced, Plegadis chihi IMPERIAL-PIGEON, Pacific, Ducula pacifica JABIRU, Jabiru mycteria JACANA, Northern, Jacana spinosa JAEGER, Long-tailed, Stercorarius longicaudus

Parasitic, Stercorarius parasiticus

Pomarine, Stercorarius pomarinus JAY, Blue, Cyanocitta cristata

Brown, Cyanocorax morio

Gray, Perisoreus canadensis

Gray-breasted (see Mexican)Green, Cyanocorax yncas

Mexican, Aphelocoma ultramarina

Pinyon, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus

Scrub (see SCRUB-JAY)Steller's, Cyanocitta stelleri JUNCO, Dark-eyed, Junco hyemalis

Yellow-eyed, Junco phaeonotus KAMAO, Myadestes myadestinus KESTREL, American, Falco sparverius

Eurasian, Falco tinnunculus KILLDEER, Charadrius vociferus KINGBIRD, Cassin's, Tyrannus vociferans

Couch's, Tyrannus couchii

Eastern, Tyrannus tyrannus

Gray, Tyrannus dominicensis

Thick-billed, Tyrannus crassirostris

Tropical, Tyrannus melancholicus

Western, Tyrannus verticalis KINGFISHER, Belted, Ceryle alcyon

Collared, Todirhamphus chloris

Green, Chloroceryle americana

Micronesian, Todirhamphus cinnamominus

Ringed, Ceryle torquatus KINGLET, Golden-crowned, Regulus satrapa

Ruby-crowned, Regulus calendula KISKADEE, Great, Pitangus sulphuratus KITE, [American Swallow-tailed (see Swallow-tailed)]

Black, Milvus migrans

Black-shouldered (see White-tailed)Hook-billed, Chondrohierax uncinatus

Mississippi, Ictinia mississippiensis

Snail, Rostrhamus sociabilis

Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus

White-tailed, Elanus leucurus KITTIWAKE, Black-legged, Rissa tridactyla

Red-legged, Rissa brevirostris KNOT, Great, Calidris tenuirostris

Red, Calidris canutus LAPWING, Northern, Vanellus vanellus LARK, Horned, Eremophila alpestris

Sky, Alauda arvensis LIMPKIN, Aramus guarauna LIZARD-CUCKOO, Puerto Rican, Coccyzus vieilloti LONGSPUR, Chestnut-collared, Calcarius ornatus

Lapland, Calcarius lapponicus

McCown's, Calcarius mccownii

Smith's, Calcarius pictus LOON, Arctic, Gavia arctica

Common, Gavia immer

Pacific, Gavia pacifica

Red-throated, Gavia stellata

Yellow-billed, Gavia adamsii MAGPIE, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia

Yellow-billed, Pica nuttalli MALLARD, Anas platyrhynchos MANGO, Antillean, Anthracothorax dominicus

Green, Anthracothorax viridis

Green-breasted, Anthracothorax prevostii MARTIN, Brown-chested, Progne tapera

Caribbean, Progne dominicensis

Cuban, Progne cryptoleuca

Gray-breasted, Progne chalybea

Purple, Progne subis

Southern, Progne elegans MEADOWLARK, Eastern, Sturnella magna

Western, Sturnella neglecta MERGANSER, Common, Mergus merganser

Hooded, Lophodytes cucullatus

Red-breasted, Mergus serrator MERLIN, Falco columbarius MOCKINGBIRD, Bahama, Mimus gundlachii

Blue, Melanotis caerulescens

Northern, Mimus polyglottos MOORHEN, Common, Gallinula chloropus MURRE, Common, Uria aalge

Thick-billed, Uria lomvia MURRELET, Ancient, Synthliboramphus antiquus

Craveri's, Synthliboramphus craveri

Kittlitz's, Brachyramphus brevirostris

Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix

Marbled, Brachyramphus marmoratus

Xantus's, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus NEEDLETAIL, White-throated, Hirundapus caudacutus NIGHT-HERON, Black-crowned, Nycticorax nycticorax

Japanese, Gorsachius goisagi

Malay (see Malayan)Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus

Yellow-crowned, Nyctanassa violacea NIGHTHAWK, Antillean, Chordeiles gundlachii

Common, Chordeiles minor

Lesser, Chordeiles acutipennis NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH, Black-headed, Catharus mexicanus

Orange-billed, Catharus aurantiirostris NIGHTJAR, Buff-collared, Caprimulgus ridgwayi

Gray, Caprimulgus indicus

Jungle (see Gray)Puerto Rican, Caprimulgus noctitherus NODDY, Black, Anous minutus

Blue-gray, Procelsterna cerulea

Brown, Anous stolidus

[Lesser (see Black)] NUTCRACKER, Clark's, Nucifraga columbiana NUTHATCH, Brown-headed, Sitta pusilla

Pygmy, Sitta pygmaea

Red-breasted, Sitta canadensis

White-breasted, Sitta carolinensis

OLDSQUAW (see DUCK, Long-tailed)OLOMAO, Myadestes lanaiensis OMAO, Myadestes obscurus ORIOLE, Altamira, Icterus gularis

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Audubon's, Icterus graduacauda

Baltimore, Icterus galbula

Black-cowled (see Greater Antillean)Black-vented, Icterus wagleri

Bullock's, Icterus bullockii

Greater Antillean, Icterus dominicensis

Hooded, Icterus cucullatus

Northern (see Baltimore and Bullock's)Orchard, Icterus spurius

Scott's, Icterus parisorum

Streak-backed, Icterus pustulatus OSPREY, Pandion haliaetus OVENBIRD, Seiurus aurocapilla OWL, Barn, Tyto alba

Barred, Strix varia

Boreal, Aegolius funereus

Burrowing, Athene cunicularia

Elf, Micrathene whitneyi

Flammulated, Otus flammeolus

Great Gray, Strix nebulosa

Great Horned, Bubo virginianus

Long-eared, Asio otus

Mottled, Ciccaba virgata

Northern Hawk, Surnia ulula

Northern Saw-whet, Aegolius acadicus

Short-eared, Asio flammeus

Snowy, Bubo scandiaca

Spotted, Strix occidentalis

Stygian, Asio stygius OYSTERCATCHER, American, Haematopus palliatus

Black, Haematopus bachmani

Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus PALM-SWIFT, Antillean, Tachornis phoenicobia PARULA, Northern, Parula americana

Tropical, Parula pitiayumi PAURAQUE, Common, Nyctidromus albicollis PELICAN, American White, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos

Brown, Pelecanus occidentalis PETREL, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow

Black-capped, Pterodroma hasitata

Black-winged, Pterodroma nigripennis

Bonin, Pterodroma hypoleuca

Bulwer's, Bulweria bulwerii

Cook's, Pterodroma cookii

Dark-rumped (see Hawaiian)Gould's, Pterodroma leucoptera

Great-winged, Pterodroma macroptera

Hawaiian, Pterodroma sandwichensis

Herald, Pterodroma arminjoniana

Jouanin's, Bulweria fallax

Juan Fernandez, Pterodroma externa

Kermadec, Pterodroma neglecta

Mottled, Pterodroma inexpectata

Murphy's, Pterodroma ultima

Phoenix, Pterodroma alba

Stejneger's, Pterodroma longirostris

Tahiti, Pterodroma rostrata

White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis

[White-necked, Pterodroma externa (see Petrel, Juan Fernandez)] PEWEE, Cuban, Contopus caribeaus

Greater, Contopus pertinax

Hispaniolan, Contopus hispaniolensis

Lesser Antillean, Contopus latirostris PHAINOPEPLA, Phainopepla nitens PHALAROPE, Red, Phalaropus fulicarius

Red-necked, Phalaropus lobatus

Wilson's, Phalaropus tricolor PHOEBE, Black, Sayornis nigricans

Eastern, Sayornis phoebe

Say's, Sayornis saya PIGEON, Band-tailed, Patagioenas fasciata

Plain, Patagioenas inornata

Red-billed, Patagioenas flavirostris

Scaly-naped, Patagioenas squamosa

White-crowned, Patagioenas leucocephala PINTAIL, Northern, Anas acuta

White-cheeked, Anas bahamensis PIPIT, American, Anthus rubescens

Olive-backed, Anthus hodgsoni

Pechora, Anthus gustavi

Red-throated, Anthus cervinus

Sprague's, Anthus spragueii

Tree, Anthus trivialis

[Water (see American)] PLOVER, Black-bellied, Pluvialis squatarola

Collared, Charadrius collaris

Common Ringed, Charadrius hiaticula

Great Sand (see Sand-Plover, Greater)Little Ringed, Charadrius dubius

Mongolian (see Sand-Plover, Lesser)Mountain, Charadrius montanus

Piping, Charadrius melodus

Semipalmated, Charadrius semipalmatus

Snowy, Charadrius alexandrinus

Wilson's, Charadrius wilsonia POCHARD, Baer's, Aythya baeri

Common, Aythya ferina POND-HERON, Chinese, Ardeola bacchus POORWILL, Common, Phalaenoptilus nuttallii PUAIOHI, Myadestes palmeri PUFFIN, Atlantic, Fratercula arctica

Horned, Fratercula corniculata

Tufted, Fratercula cirrhata PYGMY-OWL, Ferruginous, Glaucidium brasilianum Northern, Glaucidium gnoma PYRRHULOXIA, Cardinalis sinuatus QUAIL-DOVE, Bridled, Geotrygon mystacea

Key West, Geotrygon chrysia

Ruddy, Geotrygon montana QUETZEL, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus RAIL, Black Laterallus jamaicensis

Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis

Clapper, Rallus longirostris

Guam, Gallirallus owstoni

King, Rallus elegans

Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus

Virginia, Rallus limicola

Yellow, Coturnicops noveboracensis RAVEN, Chihuahuan, Corvus cryptoleucus

Common, Corvus corax RAZORBILL, Alca torda REDHEAD, Aythya americana REDPOLL, Common, Carduelis flammea

Hoary, Carduelis hornemanni REDSHANK, Spotted, Tringa erythropus REDSTART, American, Setophaga ruticilla

Painted, Myioborus pictus

Slate-throated, Myioborus miniatus

REED-BUNTING, Common (see BUNTING, Reed)[Pallas' (see BUNTING, Pallas's)] REEF-EGRET, Pacific, Egretta sacra REEF-HERON, Western, Egretta gularis ROADRUNNER, Greater, Geococcyx californianus ROBIN, American, Turdus migratorius

Clay-colored, Turdus grayi

Rufous-backed, Turdus rufopalliatus

Siberian Blue, Luscinia cyane

White-throated, Turdus assimilis ROSEFINCH, Common, Carpodacus erythrinus ROSY-FINCH, Black, Leucosticte atrata

Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis

Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis

ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW, Northern (see SWALLOW, Northern Rough-winged)RUBYTHROAT, Siberian, Luscinia calliope RUFF, Philomachus pugnax SANDERLING,Calidris alba SANDPIPER, Baird's, Calidris bairdii

Broad-billed, Limicola falcinellus

Buff-breasted, Tryngites subruficollis

Common, Actitis hypoleucos

Curlew, Calidris ferruginea

Green, Tringa ochropus

Least, Calidris minutilla

Marsh, Tringa stagnatilis

Pectoral, Calidris melanotos

Purple, Calidris maritima

Rock, Calidris ptilocnemis

Semipalmated, Calidris pusilla

Sharp-tailed, Calidris acuminata

Solitary, Tringa solitaria

Spoonbill (see Spoon-billed)Spoon-billed, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus

Spotted, Actitis macularius

Stilt, Calidris himantopus

Terek, Xenus cinereus

Upland, Bartramia longicauda

Western, Calidris mauri

White-rumped, Calidris fuscicollis

Wood, Tringa glareola SAND-PLOVER, Greater, Charadrius leschenaultii

Lesser, Charadrius mongolus SAPSUCKER, Red-breasted, Sphyrapicus ruber

Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis

Williamson's, Sphyrapicus thyroideus

Yellow-bellied, Sphyrapicus varius SCAUP, Greater, Aythya marila

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Lesser, Aythya affinis SCOPS-OWL, Oriental, Otus sunia SCOTER, Black, Melanitta nigra

Surf, Melanitta perspicillata

White-winged, Melanitta fusca SCREECH-OWL, Eastern, Megascops asio

Puerto Rican, Megascops nudipes

Western, Megascops kennicottii

Whiskered, Megascops trichopsis SCRUB-JAY, Florida, Aphelocoma coerulescens

Island, Aphelocoma insularis

Western, Aphelocoma californica SEA-EAGLE, Steller's, Haliaeetus pelagicus SEEDEATER, White-collared, Sporophila torqueola SHEARWATER, Audubon's, Puffinus lherminieri

Black-vented, Puffinus opisthomelas

Buller's, Puffinus bulleri

Cape Verde, Calonectris edwardsii

Christmas, Puffinus nativitatis

Cory's, Calonectris diomedea

Flesh-footed, Puffinus carneipes

Greater, Puffinus gravis

Little Puffinus