Acceso a la justicia, sistemas alternativos de resolución de conflictos, perspectivas

Anuario de justicia alternativa - Nbr. 9/2008, January 2008

Vincenzo Vigoriti - Catedrático de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Florencia
Permanent Link: http://vlex.com/vid/alternativos-oacute-conflictos-perspectivas-57804903
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Summary:

En teoría, los derechos reconocidos a nivel sustantivo deberían disponer de una vía de reparación y protección a través del sistema jurídico del Estado. En la práctica, ningún país del mundo ha sido capaz de asegurar tan amplia protección debido a la falta de recursos existentes a todos los niveles para desarrollar un sistema verdaderamente accesible. En concreto, los retrasos y los costes actúan como impedimentos al acceso a la justicia del Estado y han fomentado la búsqueda de sistemas / soluciones alternativas para asegurar la protección de los derechos. Los retrasos y los costes son factores importantes, sin embargo, resulta significativo que la búsqueda de los sistemas alternativos de resolución de conflictos y su creciente popularidad esté motivada por el deseo común de tener una mayor intervención en el proceso de resolución existente: acceso a la justicia en términos de dirección compartida de una controversia, tanto a nivel sustantivo como procesal. Este enfoque participativo se puede alcanzar a través del arbitraje, en el que las partes se comprometen a aceptar una decisión que les es impuesta y que es firme y vinculante; o a través de la mediación, en la que las partes escogen a su mediador con la garantía de que no se les va a imponer una solución sino que ésta será alcanzada por las propias partes trabajando unidas. El interés de la Unión Europea en los sistemas alternativos de resolución de conflictos (ADR) quedó confirmado primeramente en el Anteproyecto (Propuesta) de Directiva del Consejo del Parlamento Europeo sobre mediación en asuntos civiles y mercantiles aprobado en marzo de 2007 (referida únicamente de la mediación voluntaria) que es analizada en este trabajo. Posteriormente ha sido aprobada como directiva: “Directiva 2008/52/EC del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de 21 de mayo de 2008 sobre ciertos aspectos de la mediación en asuntos civiles y mercantiles”.

Ideally, rights recognised on a substantive level should have an avenue for relief and protection via the state legal system. In practice, no country in the world has been able to ensure such wide protection due to the lac of resources across the board to develop a system which is truly accesible. In particular, delays and costs are impediments to achieving access to State Justice, and have prompted the quest for alternative systems / solutions of ensuring the protection of tights. Delays and costs are important factors, however, significantly, the search for and growing popularity of ADR is also spurred by the common desire to have greater involvement in the actual process of resolution - access to justice in terms of the shared conduct of a dispute, both at a substantial as well as at a procedural level. This participatory approach may be achieved via arbitration (where the parties commit to accepting to a decision imposed upon them which shall be final and biding) or mediation (where the parties choose their mediator, with the guarantee that a solution will not be imposed upon them, but reached by themselves, working together). The European Union’s interest in ADR, confirmed in the Draft (Proposed) Directive of the European Council Parliament on mediation in both civil and commercial matters approved in March 2007 (dealing just with voluntary mediation) which is discussed in this paper, has since been passed as a Directive: “Directive 2008/52/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL OF 21 May 2008 on certain aspects of mediation in civil and commercial matters”.

Extract:

Acceso a la justicia, sistemas alternativos de resolución de conflictos, perspectivas

I. Civil justice: delays and costs as factors limiting access

I. – The underlying theme of the Project, sponsored by the regions of Tuscany and Emilia Romagna in Italy, Valencia in Spain and Aquitaine in France, is access to justice. The objective is to promote a ‘wider culture’ in relation to ADR, but, in actual fact, it is rather more ambitious in that it aims to achieve and offer an alternative to State Justice.

It is worth emphasising immediately that the alternative is not to justice (injustice would be inadmissible) but to a particular way of achieving justice: not an alternative à la justice, mais une justice alternative.

It is commonly agreed that access to State Justice (ie. To ordinary courts) for everybody should be the ultimate goal, and that such objective cannot be achieved due to the negative impact of delays and costs.

However, delays and costs belong to the physiology and not the patholo-gy of proceedings; the alternative is not the answer to the fact that proceedings go on for too long and cost too much. Rather, it is the desire for variety which is the crucial factor, and even if the issues of delays and costs were irrelevant there would still be an incentive to look for an alternative.

In theory, the court system should be shaped upon the principle...



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