Garnishment Order Against Economic Beneficiaries
This verdict validates a garnishment order which does not target the debtors themselves but which applies to the two companies of which the debtors are economic beneficiaries.
Deux décisions contradictoires ont été récemment rendues dans une même affaire en matière de saisie-arrêt. Si l'une d'entre elles illustre le rôle grandissant que jouent les bénéficiaires économiques dans le paysage juridique luxembourgeois, l'autre pointe également la difficulté rencontrée par les juges à admettre cette nouvelle place.
Alors que traditionnellement, les juges considéraient qu'une saisie-arrêt ne pouvait être pratiquée qu'à charge du débiteur du saisissant, et non d'un tiers, même ayant des liens économiques avec le débiteur, le tribunal d'arrondissement de Luxembourg a accepté de valider une saisie-arrêt pratiquée non à l'encontre des véritables débiteurs du créancier mais à l'encontre de deux sociétés dont ces véritables débiteurs étaient bénéficiaires économiques (jugement civil 2019TALCH01/00166 du 15 mai 2019).
La saisie pratiquée à l'encontre ces sociétés venait d'être levée par le juge des référés pour les raisons habituelles (« application du principe fondamental selon lequel les personnes morales, telles que les sociétés 1 et 2, sont dotées d'une personnalité juridique, propre et distincte de celle des actionnaires, dirigeants et bénéficiaires économiques ») lorsqu'elle a été validée par le juge du fond.
Ce dernier, dont le jugement de validation se basait sur une décision tchèque de condamnation, exequaturée au Luxembourg, très détaillée sur les liens entre les bénéficiaires économiques et les débiteurs saisis, a en effet décidé ce qui suit :
La saisie ne peut, en principe, être pratiquée qu'à charge du débiteur et non d'un tiers même si celui-ci a des liens économiques avec celui-là ; la réalité juridique doit, en règle, prévaloir nonobstant une certaine identité économique entre le débiteur poursuivi et un tiers. Celui-ci ne pourrait être tenu comme débiteur qu'en cas de simulation, de confusion et généralement d'attitude fautive engageant sa responsabilité envers le poursuivant (...). Le tribunal constate qu'en l'espèce, la société [créancière] a expressément et nommément identifié les sociétés auxquelles...
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