Most members of the Kreisau Circle, a loose association of aristocrats, civil servants, clergy, and Social Democrats who gathered in small, secret meetings to plan a post-Nazi constitutional government, one based on Christian social-justice principles, were executed. In subsequent years, their meetings and plans have sometimes been mocked as exercises in misguided, utopian rhetoric. Coady discusses the fate of the three Jesuits and members of the Circle: Lothar Konig, Augustin Rosch, and Alfred Delp, who were charged with treason and were executed.

Political dissent
Nazi era