Certiorari to the Court of Appeals of Georgia -- 172 Ga. App. 777., Judgment reversed in Case No. 41527\" judgment affirmed in Case No. 41528. All the Justices concur, except Marshall, P. J., who dissents in Case No. 41527.

Swift, Currie, McGhee & Hiers, Stephen L. Cotter, Jonathan M. Engram, for appellees.Powell, Goldstein, Frazer & Murphy, E. A. Simpson, Jr., William G. Leonard, for appellants (case no. 41528).Greene, Buckley, DeRieux & Jones, Edward D. Buckley III, Burt DeRieux, Steven J. Misner, for appellants (case no. 41527).

We granted certiorari to decide the following question: Would a jury be authorized to find that a person who furnished alcohol to a noticeably intoxicated person under the legal drinking age, knowing that such person would soon be driving his or her car, is liable in tort to a third person injured by the negligence of the intoxicated driver? The Court of Appeals held that the injured person's widow and estate have no cause of action against one who furnished the alcohol. Sutter v. Turner, 172 Ga. App. 777 (325 SE2d 384) (1984). The evidence, construed in favor of plaintiff on defendants' motions for summary judgment, showed the following:

Mrs. Susan Hutchings permitted her 17-year-old daughter, Elizabeth, to provide a keg of beer at a party the daughter was having at their home for some of her high school classmates. Mrs. Hutchings (hereinafter the "hostess") observed Carlton Turner, age 17, engaged in a drinking game called "quarters." [1] When Turner (hereinafter the "minor driver") left at about 11:30 p.m. the beer keg was empty and he was noticeably intoxicated, having consumed the equivalent of seven bottles of beer. When the minor driver said goodbye, the hostess expressed concern over his driving ability. The hostess watched the minor driver get into his car.

A few minutes and less than 4 miles away, the intoxicated minor driver sped through a red light and killed David Sutter.

The victim's widow filed suit in her individual capacity and as executrix of her husband's estate for wrongful death and injuries to the deceased against the minor driver as well as against his stepfather under the family purpose car doctrine. By amendment, the hostess and her daughter were added as defendants, at which point the minor driver and his stepfather filed cross actions against them.

The defendant hostess and her daughter moved for summary judgment against plaintiff and the minor driver and his stepfather. The trial court granted summary judgment against the plaintiff, but denied summary judgment as to the cross actions. Finding in favor of the hostess and her daughter, the Court of Appeals affirmed as to the plaintiff and reversed as to the cross actions, and this court granted certiorari.

1. The Court of Appeals relied upon a series of cases emanating from Belding v. Johnson, 143 Ga. App. 23 (237 SE2d 443) (1977), discussed in the appendix; Anno., 97 ALR3d 528, 533 (1980). [3] However, we are not dealing with a situation where these defendants simply furnished alcohol to a person who thereby voluntarily became intoxicated; we deal with a situation where these defendants furnished alcohol to a person who the defendants knew would soon be driving his car and who was noticeably intoxicated when the alcohol was furnished. [4]

Numerous courts have recognized, as a matter of common law, that a person who furnishes alcohol to a noticeably intoxicated person, knowing that such person will soon be driving his or her vehicle, is liable for injuries caused to third persons by the negligence of such intoxicated driver. Kelly v. Gwinnell, 96 NJ 538, 476 A2d 1219, 1228 (1984), ("[W]here the social host directly serves the guest and continues to do so even after the guest is visibly intoxicated, knowing that the guest will soon be driving home, the social host may be liable for the consequences of the resulting drunken driving."); Linn v. Rand, 140 NJ Super 212, 356 A2d 15, 19 (1976), ("[A] jury might well determine that a social host who serves excessive amounts of alcoholic beverages to a visibly intoxicated minor, knowing the minor was about to drive a car on the public highways, could reasonably foresee or anticipate an accident or injury as a reasonably foreseeable consequence of his negligence in serving the minor."); Coulter v. Superior Court of San Mateo County, 21 Cal.3d 144, 145 Cal. Rptr. 534, 577 P2d 669, 674 (1978), ("We think it evident that the service of alcoholic beverages to an obviously intoxicated person by one who knows that such intoxicated person intends to drive a motor vehicle creates a reasonably foreseeable risk of injury to those on the highway."); Vesely v. Sager, 5 Cal.3d 153, 95 Cal. Rptr. 623, 486 P2d 151, 159 (1971), ("[I]t is clear that the furnishing of an alcoholic beverage to an intoxicated person may be a proximate cause of injuries inflicted by that individual upon a third person."); Taylor v. Ruiz, 394 A2d 765, 766 (Del. 1978), ("[O]ne who furnishes alcoholic beverages to any person who already appears to be under the influence can be held liable in tort for negligence for any damages proximately caused by the patron as a result of such intoxication."); Rappaport v. Nichols, 31 NJ 188, 156 A2d 1, 8 (1959), ("When alcoholic beverages are sold by a tavern keeper to a minor or to an intoxicated person, the unreasonable risk of harm not only to the minor or the intoxicated person but also to members of the traveling public may readily be recognized and foreseen; this is particularly evident in current times when traveling by car to and from the tavern is so commonplace and accidents resulting from drinking are so frequent."); Berkeley v. Park, 47 Misc.2d 381, 262 NYS2d 290, 293 (1965), ("[T]he consequences of serving an intoxicated person who drives an automobile more alcohol, were easily foreseeable to the reasonable person."); Holmquist v. Miller, 352 NW2d 47 (Minn. App. 1984); Bernhard v. Harrah's Club, 16 Cal.3d 313, 128 Cal. Rptr. 215, 546 P2d 719, cert. denied 429 U. S. 859 (1976); Ono v. Applegate, 62 Haw. 131, 612 P2d 533 (Hawaii 1980); Alegria v. Payonk, 101 Idaho 617, 619 P2d 135 (1980); Colligan v. Cousar, 38 Ill.App.2d 392, 187 NE2d 292 (1963); Elsperman v. Plump, 446 NE2d 1027 (Ind. App. 1983); Adamian v. Three Sons, Inc., 353 Mass. 498, 233 NE2d 18 (1968); Cimino v. Milford Keg, Inc., 385 Mass. 323, 431 NE2d 920 (1982); Waynick v. Chicago's Last Dept. Store, 269 F2d 322 (7th Cir. 1959) (applying Michigan law); Young v. Gilbert, 121 NJ Super. 78, 296 A2d 87 (1972); Figuly v. Knoll, 185 NJ Super. 477, 449 A2d 564 (1982); Lopez v. Maez, 651 P2d 1269 (1982); Campbell v. Carpenter, 279 Or. 237, 566 P2d 893 (1977); Jardine v. Upper Darby Lodge, 413 Pa. 626, 198 A2d 550 (1964); Couts v. Ghion, 421 A2d 1184 (Pa. Super. 1980); Anno., 97 ALR3d 528, 533 (1980). [5]

The traditional formula setting forth the elements of negligence are:

"1. A duty, or obligation, recognized by the law, requiring the actor to conform to a certain standard of conduct, for the protection of others against unreasonable risks.

"2. A failure on his part to conform to the standard required . . . .

"3. A reasonable close causal connection between the conduct and the resulting injury . . . .

"4. Actual loss or damage resulting to the interests of another." Prosser, Law of Torts, 4th ed., 30 (1971) (footnotes omitted); see Bradley Center v. Wessner, 250 Ga. 199, 200 (296 SE2d 693) (1982). Of the four, duty, breach of duty, proximate cause, and actual damage, only the first and third are in issue here.

A person owes to others a duty not to subject them to an unreasonable risk of harm. Bradley Center v. Wessner, supra, 250 Ga. at 201. More specifically, OCGA 3-3-22 provides that "No alcoholic beverage shall be sold. . . given, provided, or furnished to any person who is in a state of noticeable intoxication," and OCGA 3-3-23 (a) (1) provides that "No person knowingly, by himself or through another, shall furnish [or] cause to be furnished . . . any alcoholic beverage to any person under 19 years of age" except for medical or religious purposes, or in the home with parental consent.

It could be argued that the duty or obligation created by these Code sections runs only to persons noticeably intoxicated or under 19, and not to others. However, in view of risks involved and the General Assembly's efforts to control drunk driving for the protection not only of those drivers but others on the highways, we conclude that these statutory duties protect third parties as well as those noticeably intoxicated and under 19. OCGA 3-3-22, 3-3-23, supra, provide the duty, not the cause of action. However, OCGA 51-1-6 provides: "When the law requires a person . . . to refrain from doing an act which may injure another, although no cause of action is given in express terms, the injured party may recover for the breach of such legal duty if he suffers damage thereby." We therefore find that the defendant hostess and her daughter owed a duty to those using the highways not to subject them to an unreasonable risk of harm by furnishing alcohol to a person under 19 who was noticeably intoxicated and who these defendants knew would soon be driving his car.

The defendants argue that, unlike commercial liquor establishments, they have no bouncers to prevent drunken drivers from leaving. However, the duty upon the provider of alcohol is not merely to prevent the intoxicated driver from driving. The duty arises earlier. It is to stop serving alcohol to the driver who is noticeably intoxicated (or share the intoxicated driver's liability to injured third persons).

We turn now to the question of proximate cause. Under many circumstances the act which is the proximate cause of the damage resulting from a breach of duty relating to alcohol is the act of the consumer of the alcohol. Under such circumstances, the consumer is solely liable because the act of furnishing the alcohol is too remote to be the proximate cause of the negligence of the consumer. See Henry Grady Hotel Co. v. Sturgis, 51-1-18 (a) for the reasons stated by the Court of Appeals in the third division of its opinion, which we affirm. Moreover, the damages recoverable under that Code section by a parent may be limited to general and special damages suffered directly by the parent (as opposed to damages the parent may have to pay to a third person). See Wright v. Smith, 166 Ga. App. 796 (305 SE2d 487) (1983), discussed in the appendix to this opinion; see also footnote 7. For these reasons, the judgment in Case No. 41528 is affirmed.

APPENDIX.

In Belding v. Johnson, 137 Ga. App. 231 (223 SE2d 268) (1976), the defendant homeowner furnished plaintiff rum drinks while plaintiff worked on defendant's roof. Defendant furnished plaintiff more rum drinks after observing that plaintiff was intoxicated. Plaintiff dove from the roof into defendant's swimming pool, injuring himself, as the water level appeared higher than it actually was. Denying relief to the plaintiff, the court held that a plaintiff cannot avoid his duty to exercise ordinary care for his own safety with the excuse that the defendant supplied him with alcohol which he voluntarily consumed.

In Keaton v. Kroger Co., 143 Ga. App. 23 (237 SE2d 443) (1977), a sixteen-year-old purchased beer from Kroger. The defendant driver thereafter consumed some of the beer before striking another vehicle, killing and injuring its occupants. The parents of the deceased and injured children sued the driver, his father, and Kroger. The court found Kroger not liable, applying the rule that the person who drinks the liquor is liable; the act of selling it is too remote to be a proximate cause of an injury resulting from the negligence of the consumer.

In Nunn v. Comidas Exquisitos, Inc., 166 Ga. App. 796 (305 SE2d 487) (1983), a bar patron struck and injured a bartender, who sued the bar patron. The bar patron filed a third party complaint against the bar owner, alleging that the bar owner's employees were negligent in serving the bar patron numerous drinks when he was noticeably intoxicated and such negligence proximately caused the bartender's injuries. The court found the bar owner not liable to the bar patron for the bartender's injuries.

In Riverside Enterprises, Inc. v. Rahn, 137 Ga. App. 231 (223 SE2d 268) (1976), and Riverside Enterprises, Inc. v. Raha, 171 Ga. App. 674 (320 SE2d 595) (1984), discussed in the appendix. Although the provider owes a duty not to provide alcohol to a driver who is noticeably intoxicated, the driver also owes a duty to exercise ordinary care for his own safety. See Shuman v. Mashburn, supra. As between provider and consumer, the consumer has the last opportunity to avoid the effect of the alcohol, by not drinking or not driving, and thus as between the two, the negligence of the consumer is the greater. Hence, notwithstanding the fact that the provider as well as the consumer should foresee the possibility of injury to the consumer, the consumer cannot recover for his injuries from the provider. Riverside Enterprises, Inc. v. Rahn, supra.

1985