Pérdida de capital en las sociedades guatemaltecas
Published date | 04 July 2022 |
Author | Rafael Alvarado |
Law Firm | Consortium Legal |
Una de las causas de disolución de las sociedades en Guatemala, es la pérdida de más del 60% del capital pagado (artículo 237 numeral 4 Código de Comercio), aunque es una causa subsanable.
Tan pronto los administradores tengan conocimiento de dicha pérdida de capital, lo deben consignar en acta firmada por todos y deben convocar a junta de socios o asamblea general de accionistas (dependiendo del tipo de sociedad), la que debe celebrarse en el plazo más breve posible y en todo caso dentro del mes siguiente a la fecha del acta (artículo 238 Código de Comercio).
Si en la junta de socios o asamblea general de accionistas se decide subsanar la causa de disolución y modificar la escritura social para continuar sus operaciones o alternativamente acordar la disolución de la sociedad, lo resuelto se debe elevar a escritura pública, la que se debe inscribir en el Registro Mercantil (artículo 238 Código de Comercio).
En caso la asamblea decida subsanar la causa de disolución, existen únicamente dos opciones para ello, antes de poder hacerse cualquier repartición o distribución alguna de utilidades (artículo 32 Código de Comercio):
- Reintegrar el capital perdido; o
- Reducir el capital cuando menos en el monto de las pérdidas.
El reintegro de capital perdido es el acto por el cual los accionistas vuelven a contribuir un importe igual o distinto a lo antes aportado, a prorrata de las acciones que poseen, sin recibir a cambio de dichas contribuciones, nuevas acciones. Lo que se pretende con el reintegro de capital perdido, es aumentar el patrimonio afectado por pérdidas, con el fin de restablecer su equilibrio con el capital.
A manera de ejemplo, si una sociedad tiene un capital pagado de Q.2,000,000.00 y pérdidas acumuladas por Q.1,500,000.00, y la asamblea resuelve el reintegro del capital perdido, los accionistas contribuyen entonces dinero o bienes por Q.1,500,000.00, que ingresan al activo con débito al rubro de pérdidas y ganancias. En los estados contables seguirá figurando en las cuentas patrimoniales el capital pagado por Q.2,000,000.00 y desaparecerá el rubro de pérdidas acumuladas.
Con esa contribución se produce un aumento patrimonial real que permite compensar y eliminar las pérdidas acumuladas. Producido el reintegro de capital perdido se genera un aumento de patrimonio sin que varíe el capital social. El capital social permanece igual, porque no hay aumento del capital pagado...
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