Políticas de cumplimiento para minimizar el riesgo de extinción de dominio
Published date | 28 July 2022 |
Author | Equipo Regional de Cumplimiento Regulatorio |
Law Firm | Consortium Legal |
Regulación en Centro América y sugerencias de cumplimiento.
La extinción de dominio se define legalmente como la pérdida a favor del Estado de cualquier derecho sobre bienes susceptibles de valoración económica, sin contraprestación de ninguna naturaleza para su titular o cualquier persona que ostente o se comporte como tal.
Este tipo de acción se encuentra regulada en cada país de Centro América y será siempre una contingencia para todo aquel que posea bienes y eventualmente disponga de ellos de cualquier manera.
- Aspectos comunes a nivel regional:
Como aspecto común de la acción de extinción se pude mencionar que, en Guatemala, Honduras y Costa Rica, existe el principio de Nulidad Ab Initio, a través del cual se presume la ilicitud del origen de los bienes relacionados a distintas actividades de naturaleza ilícita. Aplican también el principio de buena fe y se otorga la posibilidad de acreditar o contradecir a la autoridad que investiga.
A nivel regional en general, el ámbito de aplicación u objeto de la ley se relaciona a aspectos de lavado de dinero, delincuencia organizada, terrorismo y tráfico de armas. Regulaciones específicas agregan temas de migración, medicamentos, delitos informáticos o de corrupción, o inclusive, cualquier delito tipificado en ley.
- Aspectos diferenciales:
Un elemento diferenciador es el planteamiento del objetivo en cada legislación. En Guatemala y Honduras el objeto de la Ley es el de lograr identificar, localizar, recuperar, repatriar los bienes y la extinción de estos de origen o procedencia ilícita o delictiva a favor del Estado. En El Salvador, el objeto de la ley es normar el procedimiento que regula la acción a favor del Estado sobre aquellos bienes que se encuentran dentro de los presupuestos, y en Costa Rica, el objeto es complementar el conjunto de medidas en contra de personas tanto físicas o jurídicas que han incorporado a su patrimonio bienes o derechos originados en actividades ilícitas y criminales o destinados a ellas.
Otro elemento particular en cada territorio es el de la autoridad que conoce de estos temas, siendo en Guatemala el Consejo Nacional de Administración de Bienes en Extinción de Dominio y la Secretaría Nacional de Administración de Bienes en Extinción; en El Salvador los Tribunales Especializados en Extinción de Dominio, Fiscalía General de la República y Policía Nacional Civil; en Honduras la Fiscalía Especial...
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