Importancia del nuevo anexo de reglas de origen específicas para el correcto aprovechamiento del libre comercio en Centroamérica – El Salvador
Published date | 08 February 2023 |
Author | William Escobar |
Law Firm | Consortium Legal |
Comercio Exterior.
Origen preferencia y no preferencial
Nos encontramos en un mundo globalizado, donde cada vez es más común que los ciudadanos de diferentes Estados entablen relaciones comerciales para el intercambio de bienes, lo que a su vez tiene incidencia en cada una de sus economías. En este contexto, los aranceles aduaneros a la importación constituyen verdaderas barreras artificiales al comercio, protegiendo por la vía de la tributación sus mercados internos; o al menos, algunas de las ramas nacionales de producción que consideren importantes.
Tal es la magnitud de la importancia de las relaciones de comercio internacional, que actualmente la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) se ocupa de emitir las normas que rigen las relaciones comerciales entre los países, con el objetivo de garantizar que los intercambios comerciales se realicen de la forma más fluida, previsible y libre posible.
Uno de los Principios de este Sistema de Comercio Internacional en el contexto de la OMC, es el Principio del Trato de la Nación más Favorecida (NMF)[1], en virtud del cual los países no pueden establecer discriminaciones entre sus diversos interlocutores comerciales, de manera que si se concede a un país una ventaja especial (por ejemplo, la reducción del tipo arancelario aplicable a uno de sus productos), se tiene que hacer lo mismo con todos los demás miembros de la OMC. Un ejemplo claro de la aplicación de este principio es nuestro Arancel Centroamericano de Importación, que establece alícuotas generales para cualquier país que importe a la región centroamericana.
Sin embargo, en el ámbito del Comercio Internacional, se permiten ciertas excepciones a la aplicación de este principio, que pueden ser tanto favorables como desfavorables:
- Tratados de Libre Comercio (TLC).
- Procesos de integración económica.
- Beneficios otorgados de manera unilateral.
- Medias Antidumping.
- Medidas Compensatorias contra Subvenciones.
- Salvaguardias
En este contexto, para la imposición de tratamiento favorable o desfavorable, es indispensable la utilización de Reglas de Origen, entendidas como métodos para determinar cuándo una mercancía se ha producido en un determinado país. Aquí tenemos que distinguir entre origen preferencial, y origen no preferencial. El primero, aplicable en un contexto de relaciones comerciales favorables (por ejemplo, Tratados de Libre Comercio); en cambio el segundo, atiende a...
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