Tributación de los servicios digitales en Centroamérica
Published date | 03 May 2022 |
Author | Alejandra Fuentes-Pieruccini |
Law Firm | Consortium Legal |
La digitalización de la economía ha generado cambios significativos en todos los ámbitos de la economía, incluyendo el tratamiento impositivo. La modificación de las formas tradicionales de realizar transacciones comerciales generó una discusión sobre la necesidad de cambiar la regulación tanto local como internacional, para efectos de gravar las transacciones en los lugares en dónde se origina el beneficio económico.
El tema cobra especial relevancia cuando vemos el auge de la economía digital a nivel mundial: En las versiones más conservadoras la economía digital representa un 20% aproximadamente del PIB mundial mientras que FutureScape: Worldwide Digital Transformation 2021 Predictions revela unas predicciones espectaculares de un 65% del PIB mundial digitalizado para 2022.
Previo a la digitalización de la economía, la determinación del lugar dónde se generaba el beneficio económico era evidente, en virtud que los servicios y la venta de bienes se realizaba de forma física en una jurisdicción.
Es con base en el lugar físico de la prestación de los servicios y la venta de bienes, que la mayoría de jurisdicciones regulan los hechos generadores de los impuestos. Por lo tanto, se han generado grandes brechas entre la recaudación de los impuestos de la economía digital de aquellos que aún se realizan de forma tradicional.
La Organización para la Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) y el G20, a través del marco inclusivo sobre la erosión de las bases imponibles y el traslado de beneficios (BEPS, por sus siglas en inglés) generaron una declaración sobre el enfoque de dos pilares para abordar los desafíos fiscales derivados de la digitalización de la economía.
De conformidad con el primer pilar, las empresas multinacionales con volumen de negocios superiores a 20,000 millones de euros y una rentabilidad superior al 10% asignarán el 25% de sus beneficios residuales, es decir los que superen el 10% de sus ingresos a las jurisdicciones con las cuales se tiene un nexo. En esta propuesta se estabelce que se considerarán como fuente de ingresos las jurisdicciones del mercado final donde se utilicen o consuman los bienes o servicios. El segundo pilar regula dos normas, la primera que impone un impuesto complementario a la entidad matriz de las compañías miltinacionales cuando los ingresos estén sujetos a baja tributación y otra que niega las deducciones o exige un ajute sobre...
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