El arrendamiento inmobiliario en Costa Rica: Partes y Formas de Contratación
Published date | 10 June 2022 |
Law Firm | Consortium Legal |
En esta nueva entrega, continuamos con la serie de artículos de materia arrendaticia y posesoria.
Anteriormente analizamos los tipos de arrendamiento usuales en el mercado inmobiliario y la normativa que les rige y esta vez nos complace profundizar en aspectos relacionados con las partes que pueden verse involucradas en una relación arrendaticia, así como sus formas de contratación.
I. Las Partes
Cuando pensamos en un contrato de arrendamiento, lo primero que se viene a la mente suele ser una persona (física o jurídica) que da en alquiler una casa de habitación o local comercial a favor de otra persona que paga un precio para disfrutar del inmueble.
Sin embargo, consideramos enriquecedor profundizar en las distintas posibilidades que el mercado ofrece y que jurídicamente justifican que se aborde la relación arrendaticia de una forma más detenida en cuanto a la aplicación de las normas de fondo y las procesales.
I.a El arrendante
El artículo 9 de la Ley General de Arrendamientos Urbanos y Suburbanos, es claro en determinar que arrendante y propietario no son sinónimos y que, no se requiere ostentar la propiedad del bien para estar legitimado para darlo en arrendamiento.
En lo que interesa para esta entrega, indica el artículo 9 mencionado:
ARTICULO 9.- Facultad de dar.
Pueden dar en arriendo el propietario, el poseedor del bien por cualquier título legítimo, siempre y cuando no sea el de arrendamiento, y quien actúe en el ejercicio de un poder especial o generalísimo o de una facultad legalmente conferida por autoridad competente.
El copropietario de una cosa indivisa no puede arrendarla sin el consentimiento de los demás partícipes.
I.a.i El arrendante propietario
Es la forma más común y pura del arrendamiento, es lo que usualmente se piensa al concebir un arrendamiento. Nos referimos a una persona, física o jurídica, que da en arriendo un inmueble que le pertenece, de una forma simple, el propietario registral del inmueble ofrece en alquiler el inmueble del que es propietario.
Claramente, aunque al momento de firmar un contrato el propietario se haga representar por un apoderado, ello no afecta la condición de arrendante que ostenta en la relación arrendaticia.
I.a.ii El arrendante no propietario
Si bien es menos común, cabe la posibilidad de que el arrendante no sea el propietario del inmueble, lo cual responde al atributo que la ley le otorga al legítimo poseedor del bien.
Un ejemplo de esto podríamos encontrarla en aquellos casos en que el comodatario (poseedor a título gratuito del bien) da en arrendamiento el inmueble que ocupa, o bien cuando el fideicomitente ostenta los derechos de posesión de un inmueble fideicometido (si así lo indica expresamente el contrato de fideicomiso).
Cabe mencionar que si bien la posesión obtenida como resultado de un arrendamiento es legítima, nuestro legislador optó por prohibir que el arrendatario tenga la posibilidad de dar en un nuevo arrendamiento ese mismo bien, salvo que cuente con el consentimiento expreso del arrendante.
I.a.iii Pluralidad de...
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