Sobre los carteles triangulares
Published date | 27 November 2023 |
Law Firm | Ibarra Rimón |
El término hub and spoke agreements es utilizado en el ámbito del derecho de la competencia para referirse a ciertos acuerdos restrictivos en los que diferentes competidores comparten, con un mismo agente, una relación vertical y se coluden a través de ese agente que se encuentra en otro eslabón de la cadena productiva. Es el caso por ejemplo de un productor (hub) y su red de concesionarios (spokes).
El hub también puede ser un distribuidor que tiene relaciones con varios fabricantes quienes serían los spoke. En este caso el hub estaría situado en un eslabón de la cadena aguas abajo.
Aunque los spoke no comparten información entre sí, cada uno de ellos lo hace con el hub, en aras confabularse.
Por consiguiente, estos acuerdos involucran relaciones tanto verticales como horizontales, y necesariamente corresponden a estructuras triangulares, conformadas por dos o más agentes que ejercen la misma actividad económica y un tercer agente que pertenece a un eslabón diferente de la cadena de producción, pero relacionado con los dos primeros. Según un reporte presentado en el año 2019 por la Federal Trade Commission (FTC) ante la Ocde, en estos casos los hub facilitan la coordinación entre los spoke para que acuerden y fijen precios, se dividan mercados o se coludan en las licitaciones . Sin embargo, es menester precisar que el simple hecho de que un hub celebre acuerdos con diferentes spoke, no significa que esa situación sea, per se, contraria a la libre competencia. Para que ello sea ocurra, es necesario que el hub sirva de canal de comunicación entre los spokes, y que de esa labor surja un acuerdo anticompetitivo entre ellos, como por ejemplo una repartición de mercados.
Siempre se debe acreditar que el hub fue quien facilitó el intercambio de información necesaria para que el acuerdo se concretara, lo que no siempre resulta fácil de probar.
Las cortes estadounidenses al igual que reconocidos académicos han desarrollado el concepto de las “pruebas circunstanciales” o plus factors, definidos por William Kovacic como acciones y resultados económicos, que sugieren que el hecho de que dos competidores realicen la misma conducta, de...
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