Columna | Derecho a una Buena Administración
Published date | 24 May 2023 |
Law Firm | Barros Silva Varela & Vigil |
Antes de la Constitución de 1980 prácticamente no existían reglas básicas para la actuación formal de la Administración. Aquella época se caracterizó por su gran dispersión normativa -con reglas y trámites especiales-, desempeñando la Contraloría una labor “generalizadora” o “uniformadora” al dictaminar sobre la base de una serie de principios de aplicación general, hoy contenidos en la Ley N°19.880.
Nuestra Constitución contiene una serie de preceptos que directa o indirectamente se refieren al procedimiento administrativo:
(i) El principio de legalidad del artículo 7°, que eleva la “forma” como uno de los requisitos esenciales de las actuaciones de todo órgano del Estado, incluyendo la Administración. Esta dimensión del principio tiene por objeto impedir que un organismo público emita actos o tramite procedimientos prescindiendo de los requisitos que establecen las leyes.
(ii) La garantía de un procedimiento debido, racional y justo, en los términos del inciso 6° del numeral 3° del artículo 19, que no sólo es aplicable judicialmente sino también como un derecho de las personas ante la Administración. Así consta incluso en su historia fidedigna. A su vez, la doctrina y la jurisprudencia desde hace décadas están contestes en que el derecho a la defensa y a la audiencia previa integran el “debido proceso administrativo”, particularmente cuando éste tiene un carácter sancionatorio.
(iii) La reserva legal del artículo 63 Nº18, pues sólo son materias de ley las que fijen las bases de los procedimientos que rigen los actos de la Administración pública. Tal reserva demuestra la importancia que el Constituyente asignó a estas materias, porque implican regular ámbitos de libertad de los ciudadanos y/o reconocer espacios de intervención...
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