La Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación anula un laudo arbitral por no existir acuerdo arbitral entre las partes
Author | Manuel J. Mariño |
Published date | 11 June 2007 |
Date | 11 June 2007 |
Law Firm | Marval O'Farrell Mairal |
Techint Compañía Técnica Internacional S.A.C.E. e I. (“Techint”) había iniciado el procedimiento arbitral ante el Tribunal Arbitral de Obras Públicas (“TAOP”) contra la Empresa Nuclear Argentina de Centrales Eléctricas en liquidación (ENACE) S.A. e I. y Nucleoeléctrica Argentina S.A. (“NASA”) pretendiendo obtener el resarcimiento de daños y perjuicios - algunos de los cuales calificó de “mayores costos” - sufridos durante la ejecución de un contrato de obra pública cuyo objeto era efectuar el montaje de cañerías nucleares y convencionales en Atucha II.
El Tribunal Arbitral condenó a las demandadas a pagar la suma de $ 8.251.823, como resarcimiento de lo que consideró como “daños y perjuicios” sufridos por la empresa actora. Contra esta decisión, NASA interpuso recurso extraordinario, cuya denegación motivó la queja mencionada.
NASA sostuvo que el tribunal arbitral era incompetente para entender en el conflicto, ya que la pretensión esgrimida por Techint consistía en el resarcimiento de daños y perjuicios supuestamente ocasionados durante la ejecución de la obra, y no en el reconocimiento de “mayores costos” para el reajuste del contrato de obra pública entre la empresa privada y el Estado, único tema sobre el cual el Tribunal Arbitral tendría competencia para intervenir.
Al analizar el caso, la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación (la “CSJN” o la “Corte”) confirmó el carácter restrictivo de la jurisdicción arbitral en los supuestos de controversias con el Estado. Dicha posición se expresó a través de dos principios contenidos en el fallo comentado, conforme a los cuales: (i) es necesario que una norma expresa, una ley, autorice tal jurisdicción; y (ii) esta última no es extensible a aspectos no incluidos expresamente en la norma autorizante.
En efecto, los considerandos de este fallo así lo reflejan:
“…según tiene dicho esta Corte, no existe obstáculo constitucional alguno para que el Estado Nacional someta a jurisdicción arbitral sus controversias con particulares, siempre que exista una ley que así lo establezca (Fallos: 152:347; 160:133; 194:105 y 235:940) …
“…En virtud de este carácter extraordinario es que no cabe hacer extensiva la jurisdicción arbitral a aspectos que no se encuentren contemplados en las normas que habilitan su intervención (Fallos: 133:61)” (Considerando 4°).
Tanto Techint como el a quo fundaron la competencia del TAOP en el Decreto Nº 1496/1991, en cuyo anexo III se establece que el Tribunal ejercerá la función jurisdiccional...
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