Costa Rica: Alcances de la Cláusula Arbitral. Análisis de tres antecedentes recientes de la Sala Primera
Published date | 10 June 2022 |
Law Firm | Consortium Legal |
Los negocios en ocasiones conllevan un entramado de relaciones comerciales que en muchas ocasiones involucran a diferentes partes y estas relaciones se desarrollan bajo complejas estructuras contractuales, provocando que a veces exista más de un contrato que podría vincular a todas o solo algunas de las partes; o incluso, que no exista contrato entre algunas de las partes que conforman la intrincada red comercial. Esto ha generado un debate interesante acerca de la aplicación o no de cláusulas arbitrales a terceras partes que fueron no signatarias de dichas cláusulas.
Así, a continuación, abordamos 3 resoluciones recientes de la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia sobre este tópico.
A. Sentencia 002079-C-S1-2021 del 18/11/2021: No extensión de la cláusula arbitral de un contrato principal de construcción a un contrato accesorio de seguros.
En este proceso se pretendió la aplicación de un seguro de caución que garantiza el pago que debía efectuar el contratante al contratista relacionado a un contrato de construcción.
La aseguradora demandada solicitó la extensión de la cláusula arbitral inserta en el contrato de construcción, del cual la aseguradora no era parte. Al respecto, se argumentó que la extensión de la cláusula operaba cuando un tercero no signatario está involucrado de forma considerable en el contrato que contiene la cláusula arbitral.
En este caso, la posición de la Sala Primera fue que las pretensiones de la parte actora se circunscribían a la aplicación del seguro de caución, sin pedir en su demanda que se decretase algún incumplimiento del contrato de construcción. Bajo esta perspectiva consideró que el objeto del litigio era ajeno al contrato de construcción, por ende, no era procedente la extensión de la cláusula arbitral.
“. En este punto, se torna indispensable aclarar que, como bien se desprende de las mismas pretensiones formuladas por la accionante, el contrato de caución de comentario nació para garantizar el pago (…) en relación con el contrato de construcción. En esa perspectiva, es dable observar una relación entre ambos negocios; no obstante, ese solo ligamen no es suficiente para concluir que, automáticamente y en cualquier escenario, los efectos de uno se extienden al otro, porque ambos responden a causas distintas e incluso intervienen otras partes. En definitiva, se trata de dos convenios diferentes. (…) Así, como el objeto de esta contienda no se extiende al contrato de construcción ni a...
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