Costa Rica: Usufructo de acciones
Published date | 28 March 2023 |
Law Firm | Consortium Legal |
Escrito por: Nikole Sánchez
El usufructo es un derecho que le brinda la posibilidad a un tercero de usar y disfrutar un bien que no le pertenece y le otorga la posibilidad de hacer suyo los frutos que produzca, en este caso, serían los frutos civiles que son los que devienen de negocios donde medie dinero. Este tercero siempre debe conservar el bien sin realizarle alteraciones y no tiene facultad de disponer de ella, ya que le corresponde exclusivamente al propietario.
El pleno dominio del bien se divide en dos:
- Nuda propiedad: Es el derecho de una persona (llamado nudo propietario) a ser dueño de un bien con la limitación de no poder usar, gozar o disfrutar de él.
- Usufructo: Es el derecho de uso, goce y disfrute de una persona (llamado usufructuario) sobre el bien que pertenece al nudo propietario.
Se tratan de derechos diferentes que recaen sobre un mismo bien, pero no pueden recaer en una misma persona ya que cuando se extinga el usufructo, la propiedad se vuelve a consolidar.
El Código Civil permite adquirir el usufructo de bienes muebles vía testamentaria, prohibiendo así, la constitución inter vivos, por consiguiente, limita la libertad de disposición del propietario pues restringe la constitución de usufructo de acciones inter vivos. Por el contrario, el Código de Comercio no tiene norma expresa que regule el tema y se limita a establecer, en normas supletorias, quién mantendrá el derecho de voto cuando la propiedad se escinde.
Cuando las acciones se usufructúan, este derecho se deberá reflejar en el Libro de Registro de Accionistas y en el certificado de acciones para asumir el carácter de socio. En el caso de que la sociedad genere utilidades, los dividendos pertenecerán al usufructuario, ya que este tiene derecho de gozar de todos los frutos ordinarios (sean naturales, industriales o civiles) que produzca el bien cuyo usufructo le pertenezca. Los frutos civiles pertenecerán al usufructuario, día por día, y por el tiempo que dure el usufructo.
Asimismo, de conformidad con el Código de Comercio, al usufructuario le corresponderá el derecho de voto en las asambleas ordinarias y al nudo propietario en las asambleas extraordinarias, salvo pacto en contrario. Además, en el caso de que las acciones sean embargadas, ambos podrán conservar su derecho a voto.
En el escenario de que la sociedad recompre las acciones al nudo propietario, tanto los derechos inherentes de las...
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