Derecho de arrepentimiento: Importar puede salir muy caro
Published date | 02 August 2021 |
Author | Rodrigo Seminario |
Law Firm | Rubio Leguía Normand |
Derecho de arrepentimiento: Importar puede salir muy caro[1]
Si tienes un nuevo emprendimiento digital, eres proveedor de E-COMMERCE o tienes un interés en cómo se encuentran regulados los mercados electrónicos, ya debes haber escuchado de la nueva propuesta del INDECOPI para introducir a nuestro Código de Consumo el “Derecho de Arrepentimiento”.[2]
Este derecho importado de la normativa comunitaria europea le otorga facultades al consumidor de productos o servicios E-COMMERCE de, unilateralmente y sin motivo alguno, dejar sin efecto un contrato celebrado con el proveedor en un plazo de 15 días calendario desde la recepción del producto o la contratación del servicio. Veamos un ejemplo sencillo:
“Ayrton ha visto que una conocida compañía de retail está vendiendo, a través de su página web, un cómodo escritorio ideal para su nuevo departamento. Ayrton adquiere el producto pero se da cuenta que las dimensiones del escritorio no son las que se esperaba y que, además, el escritorio no se ve “tan bien” después de todo. Con lo cual, Ayrton, haciendo uso del derecho de arrepentimiento, solicita sin justificación alguna que el proveedor le devuelva el dinero pagado a cambio del retorno del escritorio.”
Desde una primera lectura, parecería adecuado que una gran compañía de retail, la cual cuenta con vastos recursos, realice el cambio del escritorio a Ayrton. Pero ¿Qué pasa si cambiamos de tipo de proveedor y ya no hablamos de un enorme retail sino de un pequeño proveedor? ¿Qué hay de los miles de nuevos emprendedores que por motivo de la pandemia han iniciado nuevas empresas utilizando al E-COMMERCE?
Pues bien, según el Reporte Oficial de CAPECE de la industria Ecommerce en Perú durante el año 2020, nuestro país ha tenido un incremento de 400% de nuevos proveedores digitales como consecuencia de la pandemia.[3] Lo interesante de dicho reporte es que una gran parte de este incremento ha sido generado por MYPES y empresas informales.
Habiendo dicho esto, nos podemos permitir cambiar de ejemplo. En esta ocasión Ayrton ya no es el consumidor, sino que es un pequeño proveedor, el cual como muchos otros peruanos ha optado con los pocos ahorros que le quedan en iniciar un nuevo negocio de venta de electrodomésticos. Ayrton, quien no necesariamente tendrá un conocimiento vasto del derecho de consumo, se encontrará obligado, si lee la norma, a informar previamente al consumidor sobre las facultades para ejercer el derecho de arrepentimiento, además deberá incurrir en diversos costos que bien le podrían no ser remunerados, tales como transporte, reparación, alquiler de depósitos, y otros aspectos sobre los cuales la norma no señala absolutamente nada.
Por si fuera poco, Ayrton sabe que muchos de sus productos, sufren una considerable depreciación con tan solo el primer uso por parte del usuario, tales como las campanas de cocina, ciertas sartenes y determinadas cocinas a gas. Por ello, Ayrton va a tener un gran problema al iniciar su nuevo negocio online pues tendrá que asumir costos que podrían suponer una barrera adicional para que su tienda de electrodomésticos rinda frutos.
Seguro se preguntarán: ¿no sería mejor continuar con una protección ex post? ¿Es realmente necesario en épocas de pandemia esta nueva barrera?
Para dar respuesta a lo señalado, primero debemos entender los fundamentos del derecho de arrepentimiento y como esta controvertida regulación ha logrado ser adoptada por distintos ordenamientos jurídicos, como también rechazada.
Y es que, [email protected], no toda regulación extranjera necesariamente generará impactos positivos en nuestra sociedad. Por ello, pasemos a ver los fundamentos que sustentan nuestro polémico derecho, así como los problemas y alternativas que han surgido en otros países.
El origen del derecho de arrepentimiento y el motivo de su existencia
Entre 1985 y 2008 la Comunidad Europea tenía varias directivas que regulaban el Derecho de Arrepentimiento en contratos de seguro, determinados negocios de bienes raíces, venta de productos y servicios financieros a distancia, entre otros.[4] Fue recién a través de la Directiva N° 2011/83/EU[5] que se uniformizó la regulación del Derecho de Arrepentimiento en una sola regulación comunitaria para establecer parámetros para las “ventas a distancia” ¿El motivo?
Bajo la lógica de la Directiva, quien adquiere un producto a distancia (sea por venta telefónica o por internet) no goza de la misma información que un consumidor que analiza el...
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