Desafíos en la implementación de proyectos de bonos de carbono
Published date | 21 June 2023 |
Author | Silvia M. Méndez Parodi |
En Colombia, los proyectos de reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero han sido bien recibidos y han permitido a las empresas cumplir con sus metas de cero emisiones. Sin embargo, a la par han surgido conflictos y litigios previsibles frente a toda innovación. El marco normativo deficiente ha dado pie a conflictos tanto al interior de las comunidades que ocupan los territorios donde se desarrollan los proyectos como entre ellas y otros actores. En simultáneo, las deficiencias han sido aprovechadas para emitir bonos de carbono sin una adecuada verificación y seguimiento.
En nuestro país, la mayoría de los proyectos están en tierras de titulación colectiva. Es decir, pertenecen a una comunidad y no a un individuo. Esto plantea un reto particular porque es la comunidad quien debe consentir y aprobar los proyectos a través de sus órganos de gobernanza comunitaria. Los conflictos surgen cuando la gobernanza comunitaria no es suficientemente robusta para afrontar las decisiones complejas que supone la adopción de los proyectos o cuando los desarrolladores del proyecto ignoran o desconocen las particularidades de la gobernanza comunitaria.
Los casos complejos obedecen a múltiples factores, como el débil diseño institucional en la gobernanza comunitaria, o a negociaciones con personas que comprometen a toda una comunidad sin estar facultada para ello. Esto ha sido especialmente cierto en los proyectos que cubren territorios donde conviven múltiples comunidades, cada una con su propia gobernanza. Allí no existe necesariamente una gobernanza intercomunitaria lo que hace que el consentimiento para desarrollar el proyecto sea más difícil de obtener. Incluso, se han visto casos donde comunidades enteras han sido marginadas de la toma de decisiones sobre sus territorios.
Para prevenir estos conflictos, los desarrolladores de proyectos deben hacer rigurosos procesos de debida diligencia sobre los títulos colectivos, las comunidades y sus sistemas de gobernanza, e identificar a todos los integrantes del proyecto. No basta con otorgar beneficios financieros a las comunidades por ser ellas las dueñas del territorio...
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