Diferencia entre indicio, prueba y sentencia dentro del proceso penal guatemalteco
Published date | 18 April 2022 |
Author | Lionel AguilarArmando Hoffens |
Law Firm | Consortium Legal |
Con este artículo, por cierto breve y conciso, se inicia una serie de artículos posteriores en materia de prueba dentro del proceso penal guatemalteco; los mismos tendrán por objeto despejar dudas sobre conceptos fundamentales relacionados con la prueba indiciaria, y sus avances dentro del proceso penal guatemalteco hasta llegar al momento en que la autoridad judicial, al dictar sentencia, realice el proceso intelectual de inferencia entre lo conocido (indicio) y lo desconocido (responsabilidad penal de una persona natural) basado en reglas de la lógica, la experiencia acumulada y en su caso evidencias científicas, lo que constituye el proceso de racionalización y fundamentación que exige la ley a toda sentencia penal sea ésta de carácter condenatoria o absolutoria. Conforme se vaya avanzando en otros artículos preparados para ese efecto, iremos informando sobre las características que debe reunir un indicio para que sea aceptado como acto introductorio a un eventual proceso de investigación criminal (denuncia o querella penal) sin perjuicio de iniciar con el proceso de duda sobre la comisión o no de un hecho delictivo, la creencia para un eventual llamamiento a primera declaración así como la probabilidad o no sobre la participación dentro del mismo (etapa intermedia y debate) y la certeza o no de que el sujeto investigado y eventualmente acusado haya cometido la acción reprochable penalmente (sentencia).
Al abordar sobre temas puramente conceptuales, es importante considerar que es habitual que los profesionales, en la rama del derecho penal, pretendan acreditar sus argumentaciones y sostener sus posturas a través de diferentes medios de convicción, a los cuales en forma indistinta les denominan tanto como indicios, evidencias o bien simplemente medios de prueba, pero surgen los siguientes cuestionamientos: ¿es correcta esta denominación?, ¿es oportuno emplear estos tres términos como sinónimos?, ¿en caso de existir distinción entre los mismos, cuál es el momento procesal correcto para emplear cada uno de ellos?.
A través del presente artículo trataremos de hacer una diferenciación entre estos términos, así como el correcto uso de los mismos, conforme las distintas etapas del proceso penal guatemalteco.
Para iniciar, es importante aclarar que no existe dentro de nuestra ley adjetiva penal una definición legal sobre cada uno de estos términos; lo que sí existe en nuestra...
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