Diferencia entre propiedad, posesión y uso, y el delito de usurpación de bienes regulado en el ordenamiento legal guatemalteco
Law Firm | Consortium Legal |
Author | Lourdes Vega |
Published date | 05 January 2023 |
La Constitución Política de la República de Guatemala, garantiza el derecho humano a la propiedad privada, pudiendo el propietario disponer de sus bienes de manera totalmente libre, ante terceros y con las únicas limitantes establecidas en la propia ley.
Al mismo tenor, el Código Civil de Guatemala -en adelante Código Civil-, regula lo relativo al derecho de propiedad, como aquel derecho a disponer de los bienes de manera libre, incluyendo las limitantes propias de dicho derecho, como, por ejemplo, el realizar actos que puedan causar perjuicio a otras personas.
En cuanto a la posesión, la ley también regula lo relativo a la misma en el Código Civil, e incluye un concepto de posesión en el artículo 612: “Es poseedor el que ejerce sobre un bien todas o algunas de las facultades inherentes al dominio”. También delimita los casos en que no hay posesión en los artículos 614 y 615: No es poseedor quien ejerce el poder sobre la cosa en virtud de la situación de dependencia en que se encuentra respecto del propietario de la misma y la retienen en provecho de éste en cumplimiento de las instrucciones que de él ha recibido. … Tampoco es poseedor el que tiene la cosa o disfruta del derecho por actos meramente facultativos o de simple tolerancia, concedidos o permitidos por el propietario.”
En ese orden de ideas, existen algunos casos en donde el propietario de un inmueble ha permitido a ciertas personas el “uso” de los inmuebles para que puedan servirse de ellos. Sin embargo, es importante que se tenga claro que, el hecho que el propietario permita el uso de los inmuebles para aprovechar los frutos del mismo, entre otros, no significa un derecho de propiedad adquirido.
Ante esto último, es entonces importante conocer la figura de la posesión y los casos en que procede la adquisición del dominio del inmueble por mandamiento de ley, tal como lo indica el artículo 620 del Código Civil: “Condiciones para la usucapión. – Para que la posesión produzca el dominio se necesita que esté fundada en justo título, adquirida de buena fe, de manera continua, pública y pacífica y por el tiempo señalado en la ley”
De esa cuenta, la posesión según lo establece la ley, necesita un justo título por medio del cual se haya obtenido el derecho a permanecer y hacer uso del inmueble como titular, y no solamente por permiso del propietario. Es esta la diferencia principal entre la propiedad, la posesión y el...
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