Doing Business en el sector construcción: ¿Cómo mejoramos los procedimientos para la obtención de licencia de edificación?
Published date | 15 April 2021 |
Author | Franco Soria |
Law Firm | Rubio Leguía Normand |
El Texto Único Ordenado de la Ley 29090[1] – Ley de Habilitaciones Urbanas y Edificaciones define como edificación: “El resultado de construir una obra sobre un predio, que cuente como mínimo con proyecto de habilitación urbana aprobado; y, cuyo destino es albergar al hombre en el desarrollo de sus actividades. Comprende las instalaciones fijas y complementarias adscritas a ella.”
El artículo 41 del Reglamento de la Ley establece que: las edificaciones son “obras de carácter permanente, cuyo destino es albergar al hombre en el desarrollo de sus actividades”. Esta definición también es recogida por la Norma Técnica G.040 del Reglamento Nacional de Edificaciones.
De acuerdo a las normas citadas, tenemos que serán edificaciones y por lo tanto requerirán licencia para poder construirlas: i) Las obras de carácter permanente que comprendan instalaciones fijas y complementarias adscritas a ellas. Ii) Las obras destinadas a albergar al hombre en el desarrollo de sus actividades.
A su vez, la Ley Orgánica de Municipalidades establece:
- La facultad de los Municipios provinciales para regular de manera general el proceso constructivo en su jurisdicción. Es decir, pueden dictar normas que regulen o planifiquen el proceso en la provincia[2]. A la fecha existirían 196 Municipalidades provinciales, de las cuales muy pocas tendrán capacidad técnica y/o voluntad política para regular adecuadamente el desarrollo urbano y/o las construcciones.
- La facultad de los Municipios distritales de otorgar las licencias de edificación en su jurisdicción. A la fecha existirían 1678 Municipalidades distritales y solo un pequeño porcentaje tendría capacidad técnica y voluntad política suficiente para otorgar licencias y sobre todo fiscalizar el proceso.
El proceso edificatorio tiene las siguientes etapas:
- Presentación del proyecto: que implica el cumplimiento de los requisitos exigidos por la ley[3], en función a la modalidad aplicable. Aquí se generan grandes complicaciones debido a las exigencias excesivas o ilegales de muchos Municipios.
- Otorgamiento de licencia de edificación: en caso se hayan cumplido los requisitos y dependiendo si el procedimiento es de aprobación automática o evaluación previa. Aquí el problema se manifiesta por el retraso en la obtención de la licencia.
- Ejecución del proyecto: periodo en el que se encuentra vigente la licencia y en donde se deben ejecutar las construcciones. En esta etapa es fundamental la adecuada fiscalización municipal. Que verifique el cumplimiento del proyecto presentado y sobre todo la calidad edificatoria. Sin embargo, ello no siempre se da.
- Conformidad de obra: culminada la construcción, la...
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