Esgotamento de direito
A compatibilização dos efeitos restritivos da Propriedade Industrial com a liberdade de comércio e de concorrência exigidas pela integração europeia.
Decorre do processo de construção europeia e da consolidação do mercado comunitário uma previsível tensão com a territorialidade dos Direitos de Propriedade Industrial (DPI).
A problemática motivadora da análise apresenta-se através do facto da liberdade de comércio e de concorrência, valores adstritos à União Europeia, colidirem com o monopólio a uma escala nacional conferido pelos DPI. O mero exercício dos direitos de exclusivo poderia, potencialmente, impedir a livre circulação de mercadorias dentro da Comunidade.
Como método de solucionar a dicotomia exposta surge o conceito de esgotamento dos direitos. Esta regra foi desenvolvida pela jurisprudência do Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia e, ulteriormente, transposta para as legislações dos Estados Membros. A legislação nacional prevê, de forma expressa, a figura do esgotamento dos direitos através da sua consagração em vários artigos ao longo do Código da Propriedade Industrial português.
A doutrina do esgotamento de direitos instaura que o titular de um determinado DPI, ou alguém com o seu consentimento, ao colocar no mercado um produto subordinado ao seu monopólio, esgota o direito de exclusivo, respeitante ao produto em causa no espaço económico europeu. A mercadoria sai, dessa forma, por completo da sua esfera jurídica e pode até ser revendida noutro lugar.
Agregado ao esgotamento dos DPI é referido, frequentemente, o conceito de importação paralela. Esta trata-se de uma importação efetuada além do circuito oficial de distribuição de um produto. O sujeito que a realiza é um terceiro independente do fabricante dos produtos e dos seus distribuidores. O importador paralelo compra produtos num mercado onde estes são mais baratos e coloca os mesmos noutro mercado para uma revenda mais cara. Note-se que os produtos alienados através da importação paralela são genuínos. O importador não é um contrafator.
As importações paralelas, de acordo com a Comissão Europeia e com o Tribunal de Justiça, são benéficas para o Espaço Económico Europeu, visto que equilibram os preços de mercados dos diferentes Estados Membros.
Releva fazer referência ao âmbito territorial do esgotamento. O legislador português optou por consagrar exclusivamente o esgotamento de direitos à escala do Espaço Económico Europeu. Todavia, é de notar que, embora não possa...
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