Extensión de la fianza en los contratos de locación
Author | Fernando Montes De Oca |
Published date | 30 September 2002 |
Date | 30 September 2002 |
Law Firm | Marval O'Farrell Mairal |
A partir del día 23 de agosto de 2002 se ha incorporado al Código Civil de la República Argentina el artículo 1582 bis, cuyo texto es el siguiente:
"La obligación del fiador cesa automáticamente por el vencimiento del término de la locación salvo la que derive de la no restitución a su debido tiempo del inmueble locado.
Se exige el consentimiento expreso del fiador para obligarse en la renovación o prórroga expresa o tácita del contrato de locación, una vez concluido éste.
Será nula toda disposición anticipada que extienda la fianza, sea simple, solidaria como codeudor o principal pagador, del contrato de locación original."
El primer párrafo del nuevo artículo llena un vacío en la legislación en cuanto al término de vigencia de la "obligación de responder" que tiene el fiador.
A partir de esta incorporación surge claramente que el fiador responde por todas las obligaciones derivadas del contrato durante la vigencia del mismo, salvo que a su finalización no se restituya el inmueble, en cuyo caso seguirá respondiendo hasta el tiempo del desalojo.
Antes del dictado de esta disposición y ante el vacío de la ley, la doctrina no era uniforme en cuanto a la duración de la fianza, ya que una parte de ella (Borda, Legón, Machado) sostenía que, aunque el fiador sea principal pagador, la garantía no debe sobrepasar el término del contrato originario, salvo en el caso que el inquilino se resista a devolver la cosa (inmueble), en cuyo caso deberá responder hasta el tiempo de restitución.
Por otro lado, había autores (Spota, Fernández Bula) que sostenían que la fianza perdura hasta la efectiva desocupación, aun cuando la ocupación se deba a un acuerdo tácito entre el locador y locatario.
El segundo y tercer párrafo del artículo incorporado disponen el consentimiento expreso del fiador para que pueda ser obligado por una renovación o prórroga del contrato de locación original y la nulidad de toda cláusula anticipada de extensión de fianza, con lo cual se intenta no sólo proteger el interés del fiador, en cuanto puede conocer al momento de otorgar la fianza el...
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