Guatemala: Análisis Del Tipo Penal De Explotación Ilegal De Recursos Naturales (Art.346 Código Penal)
Law Firm | Consortium Legal |
Author | Lionel Aguilar |
Published date | 05 January 2023 |
I. Introducción
Guatemala, derivado de la suscripción de diversos instrumentos en materia de ambiente, específicamente en el tema del cambio climático, ha suscrito e incorporado a su legislación interna distintos convenios internacionales relacionados con el derecho del ser humano a contar con un ambiente saludable.
Como resultado de esos convenios internacionales, Guatemala también ha dictado diversa normativa que tienen carácter de ley interna, figurando dentro de las más influyentes, la “Ley Marco para regular la reducción de la vulnerabilidad, la adaptación obligatoria ante los efectos del cambio climático y la mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero” (adelante Ley Marco) que fuera aprobada mediante el Decreto 7-2013 del Congreso de la Republica.
Esta ley, a nuestro entender, resulta de mucha relevancia jurídica, ya que dentro del mismo se desarrollan y explican los principios rectores de esa “Ley Marco”.
Dentro de tales principios rectores se positiviza el conocido como “In Dubio Pro-Natura”, conceptualizándose el mismo de la siguiente manera según el artículo 6 literal a) de la Ley Marco:
“Principio de acción en beneficio del ambiente y naturaleza que obliga a que ante la duda que una acción u omisión pueda afectar el ambiente o los recursos naturales, las decisiones que se tomen deben ser en el sentido de protegerlos”
La aplicación de este principio se ha venido expandiendo a ámbitos más allá del contenido en esa ley Marco, al grado que, en muchos casos judiciales de orden penal, se ha intentado aplicarlo como un método de interpretación de normas penales.
En el presente artículo nos enfocaremos en determinar si resulta o no legal la aplicación de ese principio “In dubio Pro-Natura” en la interpretación específica del tipo penal de “Explotación Ilegal de recursos naturales” desarrollado en el artículo 346 del Código Penal y a la vez, so pretexto de proteger el ambiente, hacer una mala aplicación de reglas gramaticales que necesariamente deben de conocer y aplicar las autoridades especializadas en medio ambiente a efecto de respetar la garantía de que, en el derecho penal, se debe respetar y observar ante todo, el principio de legalidad, taxatividad y literalidad, sin perjuicio de siempre tener presente que esa rama del derecho constituye la última ratio del Estado en la persecución de acciones u omisiones vinculadas a la protección del medio ambiente.
Siendo así las cosas, es que este artículo inicia con la interpretación del tipo penal desarrollado en el artículo 346 del Código Penal conforme a los principios propios de nuestra legislación penal, sin perjuicio de la forma o manera de interpretación práctica que las autoridades especializadas en medio ambiente (Ministerio Público, Procuraduría General de la Nación y los Juzgados Penales especializados) están dando a ese tipo penal en particular, para por último abordar las conclusiones que corresponden.
II. Análisis Del Tipo Penal Bajo Principios Y Garantías De Orden Penal
El citado tipo penal se expresa literalmente así:
“Quien explotare recursos minerales, materiales de construcción, rocas Y recursos naturales contenidos en el mar territorial, plataforma submarina, ríos y lagos nacionales, sin contar con licencia o autorización respectiva, o quien, teniéndola, incumpla o se exceda en las condiciones previstas en la misma, será sancionado con prisión de dos a cinco años y el comiso de los útiles, herramientas, instrumentos y maquinaria que hubieren sido utilizados en la comisión del delito
Si este delito fuere cometido...
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