Guatemala: La aplicación de la equidad en resolución de conflictos laborales
Law Firm | Consortium Legal |
Author | Lionel Aguilar |
Published date | 09 January 2023 |
Nuestro Derecho del Trabajo, materializado en el Código de Trabajo que entró en vigor en Guatemala a partir del 1 de mayo de 1947, introduce, en sus apartados considerativos, distintos principios que todo Juez debe observar al momento de resolver controversias que surjan entre patronos y sus trabajadores.
Tales principios, en especial el “principio de realidad y objetividad”, a nuestro criterio, ha sido mal interpretado y aplicado en la actualidad de frente a reclamos de aquellos trabajadores que han logrado, “excepcionalmente”, un nivel económico y de conocimiento igual, parecido e inclusive superior a la de sus respectivos patronos. Todo esto, sin perjuicio de que los casos se agravan cuando quién reclama tutela laboral es quién, en su calidad de Gerente o Administrador, tenía el control de dominio sobre el funcionamiento y desarrollo de la empresa patronal, y en especial, en la administración del recurso humano.
En efecto, en estos casos excepcionales, ese anhelo o deseo del derecho del trabajo de otorgar a estos últimos una protección jurídica preferente, ya no tiene sentido ni base ideológica alguna, pues esa desigualdad económica existente entre el patrono y el trabajador, que fundamenta la aplicación de principios y garantías laborales, ya no existe.
En otras palabras, esa desigualdad económica, fuente de los principios ideológicos del derecho del trabajo, en casos muy excepcionales, ya no existe; por esto, la pregunta a resolver en este estudio sería la siguiente: “¿Será que, en base a una bien entendida equidad, le debiesen de ser aplicadas a esos casos muy excepcionales, las garantías y protecciones contempladas en las leyes laborales para los trabajadores que sí se mantienen en condiciones de desigualdad económica frente a sus patronos?
Iniciaré por transcribir, en su totalidad, el “principio de realidad y objetividad” desarrollado en la literal “d” del cuarto apartado considerativo de nuestro actual código de trabajo, para luego estudiar, por separado, cada una de las palabras o expresiones claves que lo componen y todo para comprender el sentido y el anhelo de este principio de orden laboral en la resolución de conflictos.
Principio de realidad desarrollado en la literal “d” del cuarto apartado considerativo del Código de Trabajo:
“El derecho del trabajo es un derecho realista y objetivo; lo primero porque estudia al individuo en su realidad social y...
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