Guatemala: La teoría de los Actos Propios y los Principios del Derecho Laboral
Published date | 08 December 2021 |
Author | Lionel AguilarFederico Zelada |
Law Firm | Consortium Legal |
Uno de los principios generales del derecho es el principio de la buena fe, entendiéndose que las partes que intervienen en una relación jurídica están llamados a mantener una conducta recta y honesta una frente a la otra. Ese principio de buena fe y la necesidad de que esta impere en toda relación jurídica ha propiciado el desarrollo de la llamada Teoría de los Actos Propios.
La Teoría de los Actos Propios, señala que “a nadie le es licito hacer valer un derecho en contra de su anterior conducta, cuando el ejercicio posterior choque contra la ley, las buenas costumbres o la buena fe”.
Dicha teoría tiene su origen en el Derecho Romano: existen casos documentados en que al Pater Familias le estaba vedado reclamar derechos sobre el mortual de una mujer emancipada, cuando él había dado su consentimiento a esa emancipación, quedándole vedado por consiguiente, actuar en contra de lo que él había permitido.
Esta teoría de los actos propios, de aplicación bastante común en el derecho civil, ha recibido poca atención en la solución de conflictos laborales, sobre todo porque, en apariencia, dicha teoría podría entrar en contradicción con los principios propios del Derecho del Trabajo, en específico, con el principio de irrenunciabilidad de los derechos laborales y el principio tutelar. Esa aparente contradicción surge de la exigencia de las normas del derecho del trabajo de constituirse como un mínimo que se sobrepone a la voluntad de las partes de la relación laboral, con el fin de nivelar la situación de desventaja en que normalmente aparece el trabajador frente al patrono.
Sin embargo, el propio Código de Trabajo establece en su apartado considerativo dos cuestiones que, correctamente entendidas, deben llevar a la aplicación de la teoría de los actos propios a casos concretos.
El primero de ellos es que, conforme a la literal “c” del cuarto considerando del citado cuerpo legal, se afirma que las normas laborales “limitan bastante el principio de la autonomía de la voluntad propio del derecho común”, al existir factores de desigualdad económico-social que condicionan la voluntad de los trabajadores y que ameritan una tutela especial de la parte trabajadora.
El segundo porque, un Juez de Trabajo al resolver un determinado conflicto, lo debe de hacer “enfocando la posición económica de las partes con base en hechos concretos y tangibles”.
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