Nicaragua: Sobreviviendo a una cláusula patológica.
Published date | 31 March 2023 |
Author | Gerardo Martín Hernández |
Law Firm | Consortium Legal |
La base de cualquier procedimiento arbitral es la cláusula que lo acuerda. A partir de esta, se estructurará el tribunal, se adoptarán ciertas reglas de procedimiento y se definirán los aspectos esenciales de ese arbitraje concreto. Una buena cláusula arbitral garantiza un proceso sin sobresaltos, mientras que una mala, es una vía segura para el desastre.
Con frecuencia, a la cláusula arbitral se le conoce como “la cláusula de medianoche” porque la negociación de los contratos se suele enfocar en los aspectos del negocio, y en ese momento las partes consideran que ambas saldrán beneficiadas de este y le prestan menor atención a la posibilidad de conflicto. Es por eso que una vez que se han acordado los términos comerciales y las partes están a punto de destapar la champaña, al filo de la medianoche, alguien recuerda que hay que incluir una forma de resolución de conflictos y con la presión de concluir el contrato, se hace uso de alguna cláusula que se encontró por ahí o se llama a un amigo para que envíe una que haya usado en algún otro contrato.
Esa premura o el mismo desconocimiento originan frecuentemente lo que se ha conocido como “Cláusulas Patológicas” que seguramente ocasionarán problemas más o menos graves en el desarrollo del arbitraje, pudiendo incluso originar la imposibilidad de este o la nulidad de las actuaciones. El origen de las cláusulas patológicas suele estar vinculado a la falta de conocimiento de los procedimientos arbitrales, la premura y la copia de cláusulas ya obsoletas.
Algunas de las típicas cláusulas tóxicas son:
- La cláusula indecisa: en ella las partes establecen el arbitraje como un mecanismo para solución de conflictos, pero también establecen la opción de acudir a la vía judicial. Esto a veces sucede cuando el ámbito de los problemas a resolverse mediante arbitraje se fija de forma limitada y queda la duda de que si conflictos no mencionados en la cláusula deben resolverse en la vía arbitral o en la vía judicial. “Las partes acuerdan que cualquier desacuerdo relativo a la interpretación del contrato se resolverá en la vía arbitral, los demás conflictos se resolverán en la vía judicial”
- La cláusula demasiado a la medida o con expectativas no realistas: en este tipo de cláusula, las partes expresan criterios muy difíciles de conseguir tales como calificaciones especiales de los árbitros que no se pueden cumplir fácilmente. Otra forma en que se...
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