Permisología minera: entre la tutela del interés general y el abuso de la facultad de policía de la administración pública
Published date | 21 September 2022 |
Law Firm | Rubio Leguía Normand |
Author | Xennia Forno |
La necesaria obtención y/o renovación de licencias, permisos y autorizaciones (en adelnte de manera general “Permisos”) para la realización de actividades mineras se ha convertido en un peregrinaje interminable sobre todo porque sus requerimientos se han incrementado de manera preocupante, no solo por la promulgación de nuevas normas o su modificación, lo que se referencia en los TUPAs, sino porque la discrecionalidad de los funcionarios encargados de su otorgamiento hace que los procedimientos sean impredecibles en cuanto a requisitos y tiempos. Además, es evidente que la autoridad sectorial – el Ministerio de Energía y Minas-, ha cedido protagonismo a otras entidades de distintos sectores, a tal punto que para la modificación o emisión de normas del sector minería es mejor coordinar con el Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (a través de “Mesas Ejecutivas”) para que por su intermedio se hagan las coordinaciones con el MINEM.
La solución a este problema no es compleja: el MINEM debe retomar su protagonismo como entre regulador y promotor de la minería; debe escuchar a los administrados. Esto no implica sometimiento. Recuperemos la confianza en ambos actores.
La realización de actividades mineras, con la excepción del cateo, prospección y comercialización, tiene como condición esencial el otorgamiento de una concesión minera – para exploración y explotación; de beneficio -para beneficio y refinación de minerales; y de transporte minero -para el transporte masivo y continuo de minerales por métodos no convencionales.
A este título habilitante, el único que nos permite realizar actividades mineras, se le suman otros permisos sin cuya aprobación tampoco sería posible el desarrollo de estas actividades. A los de primer orden como el instrumento de gestión ambiental o el derecho de uso de la superficie, se le aúnan otros que no por menos importantes dejan de ser imprescindibles pues si no se obtienen pueden llegar a impedir la implementación de un proyecto minero.
La naturaleza de la autorizaciones, licencias o permisos -alrededor de 8 en exploración; 15 en explotación y beneficio-, necesarios para la realización de esas actividades mineras, responde a la facultad del Estado de cautelar el interés general, es decir, el de la Sociedad, para asegurar, a través de su facultad de “policía”, que las distintas actividades se...
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