El principio ultra vires en el ámbito del Derecho Societario ecuatoriano
Published date | 15 February 2022 |
Author | Milton Carrera |
Law Firm | Corral-Rosales |
La frase latina ultra vires (abuso de poder) en el derecho societario se la aplica a la extralimitación de las actividades determinadas en el objeto social. El principio ultra vires implica que la sociedad carece de capacidad para realizar actos o contratos que estén fuera del ámbito del objeto social.
La doctrina señala que la determinación de la calidad de ultra vires de un acto o contrato viene dada por un elemento ajeno a ellos: el objeto de la sociedad. En consecuencia, los actos o contratos ultra vires no tienen vicios en su conformación ni fueron ejecutados por administradores sin la capacidad suficiente para obligar a la sociedad.
De igual manera la doctrina establece que el principio ultra vires tiene una doble finalidad (i) es un mecanismo de protección para los acreedores sociales que partiendo de un principio de determinación del objeto social tienen pleno conocimiento del alcance de las actividades de la compañía con la cual contrataron; y, (ii) un instrumento de protección de los accionistas que invierten en una sociedad en la que está determinado el campo de acción para el desarrollo de sus negocios.
El artículo 3 de la Ley de Compañías, aplicable a la sociedad anónima y la compañía de responsabilidad limitada, en su parte pertinente señala que:
“El objeto social de una compañía podrá, de manera general, comprender una o varias actividades económicas lícitas, salvo aquellas que la Constitución o la ley prohíban o reserven para otro tipo de entidades. El objeto social deberá estar establecido en forma clara en su contrato social o documento de constitución”.
Igualmente dispone que:
“Los actos o contratos ejecutados o celebrados con violación a este artículo no obligarán a la compañía, pero los administradores que los hubieren ejecutado o celebrado, o los socios o accionistas que los hubieren autorizado, serán personal y solidariamente responsables frente a los terceros de buena fe, por los daños y perjuicios respectivos.”
Por tanto, se establece que estos actos o contrato no vinculan a la sociedad, pero los administradores que los realizaron e...
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