Proceso de formalización minera: ¿mito o realidad?
Published date | 11 May 2022 |
Law Firm | Rubio Leguía Normand |
Author | Xennia Forno |
El problema de la minería informal no es nuevo en el panorama de la actividad minera nacional. En nuestro país siempre ha habido personas dedicadas a la explotación, básicamente de metales, sin tener el derecho que otorga el Estado para ello, ni los permisos, autorizaciones o licencias complementarias al mismo, pero es verdad que este problema se ha incrementado de manera alarmante en los últimos 20 años.
El proceso de formalización, que se inicia de manera tímida en el año 2002 con la promulgación de la Ley de formalización y promoción de la pequeña minería y la minería artesanal, No. 27651 y su reglamento aprobado por el Decreto Supremo No. 013-2002-EM, no ha tenido los resultados propuestos, pero ¿realmente se quiere resultados en el proceso de formalización?
Consideramos que no y sustentamos las razones para ello.
Si bien al inicio del proceso de formalización la legislación sobre el tema establecía que los diversos requisitos exigibles (título minero, derecho sobre el terreno superficial, instrumento de gestión ambiental, entre otros) eran preclusivos, es decir había un tiempo para conseguir cada uno y si no se obtenía se excluía al minero de la formalización, posteriores modificaciones legislativas determinaron que todos los requisitos debían haberse conseguido al término del plazo establecido para la conclusión del proceso de formalización, siendo que el único requisito necesario para explotar, beneficiar y/o comercializar minerales sin derecho alguno es estar inscrito en el proceso de formalización.
Conforme a lo indicado, el objetivo inicial de formalizar a los mineros informales en un plazo determinado a través de la obtención de todos los derechos, autorizaciones y permisos necesarios para ello, excluyendo a los que no los obtengan en los plazos indicados, se ha ido modificando de manera tal que actualmente, por ejemplo, un minero informal que hubiera iniciado sus actividades en el año 2000, lleva 22 años realizando actividades y puede llegar a 24 años conforme a la última ampliación del plazo promulgada en diciembre del 2021, o más años, dependiendo de las prórrogas que siga aprobando el Congreso, sin tener que gestionar y obtener un título para realización de actividad minera, un derecho de uso de terreno superficial, un inicio de actividades, un instrumento de gestión ambiental, un plan cierre de minas, sin contar con los permisos vinculados a esta actividad. Así, la...
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