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Acción de Reforma de Testamento
Es la acción que tienen los titulares de las asignaciones forzosas, en los casos en los cuales ven violadas su asignación por medio del testamento. Con esta acción se incoa con el fin de lograr que se reforme el testamento a su favor y se le dé o se le complete la asignación forzosa, según si fue desconocido total o parcialmente su derecho. El fin de esta acción es atacar la violación de la asignación forzosa.
Para incoar la acción de reforma de testamento es necesario que el causante haya otorgado testamento y que en dicho testamento se hayan violado las asignaciones forzosas.
Características de la Acción de Reforma del Testamento
- Sólo puede ser incoada por los titulares de las asignaciones forzosas, o por la descendencia de los titulares.
- El asignatario forzoso tiene una finalidad patrimonial, es decir, lo que busca es que se le dé su asignación forzosa o se le complete según el caso. Si el titular de la asignación forzosa que siente que le fue desconocida parcialmente no podrá aceptar la herencia testada y después impetrar la acción de reforma del testamento, dado que con la aceptación se le quita o le niega el derecho a reclamar por acción de reforma del testamento el faltante.
- Puede cederse y transigirse, pero lo que se cede es el derecho hereditario controvertido.
- Renunciable y desistible, siempre y cuando no se ven violados los derechos de terceros.
- La Acción de Reforma del Testamento prescribe a los 4 años a partir de que se tenga conocimiento de la existencia del testamento y de la calidad de Legitimario, mejorario o cónyuge; pero, en los casos que no se tiene la libre administración de los bienes, la prescripción se empieza a contar desde el momento en que se tenga la libre administración.
El preterido es el Legitimario que ha sido omitido en el testamento, no tiene que iniciar la reforma del testamento sino que se presenta al proceso de sucesión a reclamar su legítima. La preterición es la omisión realizada por el testador en el testamento de un Legitimario.
La acción de reforma de testamento se tramita ante el Juez de Familia del Circuito del último domicilio del causante. En vigencia del Código de Procedimiento Civil se tramitaba por el proceso ordinario, hoy verbal sumario; con la vigencia del Código General del Proceso se tramita por medio del proceso verbal.
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