El Salvador: Los esquemas de jornadas laborales
Published date | 19 May 2022 |
Author | Carlos Rodríguez |
Law Firm | Consortium Legal |
La existencia de escudos de protección laboral, que limitan el número de horas que deben conformar un jornada ordinaria de trabajo es un común denominador en las legislaciones laborales centroamericanas, y que en el caso de El Salvador, incluso existe la peculiaridad, que esos límites están determinados expresamente desde la imperativa Norma Constitucional, por lo que se vuelven aún más difíciles de modificar que si estos estuvieran establecidos en la Legislación Secundaria. La Constitución Salvadoreña en su Art. 38 Ord. 6° establece que: “La jornada ordinaria de trabajo efectivo diurno no excederá de ocho horas y la semana laboral de cuarenta y cuatro horas”. De conformidad al Capítulo III del Libro Primero del Código de Trabajo, las horas de trabajo son diurnas y nocturnas. Las diurnas están comprendidas entre las seis horas y las diecinueve horas de un mismo día; y las nocturnas, entre las diecinueve horas de un día y las seis horas del día siguiente. Por su parte el Código de Trabajo en su Art. 161del Código de Trabajo establece que la jornada ordinaria nocturna no excederá de siete y la semana laboral no excederá de treinta y nueve.
La regla general es que la Jornada sea única, es decir aquella en que las pausas para tomar alimentos sean parte de la jornada y consideradas como tiempos de trabajo efectivo; esas pausas deben de ser al menos de 30 minutos. Se permite establecer jornada dividida, siempre que el corte entre una parte de la jornada y la otra, sea mayor de 30 minutos, por ejemplo de 1 hora y en estos casos ese corte no se entenderá parte de la jornada. De conformidad al Art. 164 del Código de Trabajo, la jornada de trabajo en casos especiales, podrá dividirse hasta en tres partes comprendidas en no más de doce horas, previa autorización del Director General de Trabajo.
Es importante también recordar que de conformidad al Art. 165 Código de Trabajo, el patrono fijará originariamente el horario de trabajo; pero las modificaciones posteriores tendrá que hacerlas de acuerdo con los trabajadores. Los casos de desacuerdo serán resueltos por el Director General de Trabajo, atendiendo a lo preceptuado por el Código de Trabajo, convenciones y contratos colectivos, reglamentos internos de trabajo, a la índole de las labores de la empresa y, a falta de esos elementos de juicio, a razones de equidad y buen sentido. También las labores que se ejecuten en horas nocturnas, es decir de siete de la noche a las seis de la mañana del día siguiente se pagarán, por lo menos, con un 25 por ciento de recargo sobre el salario establecido para igual trabajo en horas diurnas.
El tratamiento de las Horas Extras, de conformidad a los artículos 168 y 169 del Código de Trabajo, es todo trabajo verificado en exceso de la jornada ordinaria, y tiene las siguientes características: a)...
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